click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Immunology Chapter 1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
vaccination | procedure whereby severe disease is prevented by prior exposure to agent in a form that cannot cause disease |
immunology | study of physiological mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasions by other organisms |
Jenner | English credited with invention of vaccine (small pox) |
Bone marrow | location that makes all cells of immune system |
pathogen | organism with the potential to cause disease |
opportunistic pathogens | pathogens that colonize the human body to no ill effect for much of the time but cause illness if body's defenses are weakened |
4 pathogens | bacteria, viruses,fungi, internal parasites |
1979 | smallpox eradicated |
skin | body's first defense against infection |
complement | serum proteins that mark pathogens with flags |
innate immune response | host defense mechanisms that afct from the start of an infection and do not adapt to a particular pathogen |
cytokines | soluble proteins trigger innate response. (secreted by effector cells). also induce local dilation of capillaries |
inflammation | calor, dolor, rubor, tumor (heat, pain, redness, swelling) |
effector cell | engulfs, kills and breaks down bacteria, cirus infected cells or attack protozoan parasites |
inflammatory cells | white blood cells present in inflamed tissues that contribute to inflamation |
lymphocytes | white blood cells, makes single species of antigen receptor |
adaptive immune response | defense organized around ongoing infection and adapts to nuances of pathogen |
immunological memory | in adaptive response stay in body=long term protection |
protective/acquired immunity | adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory |
progenitor cells | make lymphocytes w/different specifity |
primary response | 1st time that adaptive response immune response is made to a given pathogen |
secondary response | 2nd + times adaptive response is made |
LEUKOCYTES | white blood cells |
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell | progenitor cells gives rise to red blood cells (erythrocytes), megakaryocytes |
hematopoisesis | when hematopoietic stem cells give rise to hematopoietic cells |
1st production of blood cells | early embryo blood cells are first produced in YOLK sac and later in fetal liver |
megakaryocytes | platelet formation, wound repair, permanent residents of bone marrow |
myoloid progenitor | makes myoloid lineage of cells |
myoloid cells | ganulocytes(cytoplasmic granules that have substances that kill microorganisms and enhance inflammation |
small lymphocyte | production of antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper T cells |
Dendritic cell | activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses |
Plasma cell | differentiated form of B cell secretes antibodies |
Mast cell | expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules contining histamine and other active agents |
Natural killer cell | kills cells infected with certain viruses |
monocyte | circulating precursor cell to macrophage, laukocyte that circulate in blood |
Neutrophil | granulocyte most abundant and of all white blood cells, phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms |
Macrophage | phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses |
eosinophil | killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents |
basophil | granulocyte, function unknown, least abundant |
erythrocyte | oxygen transport |
polymorphonuclear leukocytes | granulocytes w/ irregularly shaped nucliei w/2-5 lobes |
phagocytes | specialize in capture engulfment and killing of microorganisms |
pus | neutrophils live short and die at site of infection forming this |
NK cells | natural killer cells, effector cells |
immunoglobulins | cell surface receptors for B cells |
lymphoid organs/tissues | bone marrow, thymus, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, apendix, lymph nodes, peyer's patches |
primary/central lymphoid tissues | thymus, and bone marrow...where lymphocytes develop and mature to the stage at which they are able to respond to a pathogen |
lymphatic vessels | originate in connective tissues and collect the plasma that continually leaks out of blood vessels and forms the extracellular fluid |
lymph | extracellular fluid that flows through the lymphatics |
lymph node | drains |
lymphatic system circulation | circulation is 1 way |
edema | swelling due to fluid accumulation |
afferent lymphatic vessels | arrive at lymph node |
efferent lymphatic vessel | leave the lymph node |
lymphoid follicle | mostly B cell area of lymph node |
naive lymphocytes | naive lymphocytes arrive at lymph nodes in arterial blood |
plasma cells | effector B cells |
cytotoxic T cell | kill cells infected w/viruses or INTRAcellular pathogens |
spleen | lymphoid organ=filter for blood...removes aged or old red cells; removes infectioius agents |
GALT | gut associated lymphoid tissues include: tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and peyer's patches |
BALT | Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue includes gastrointestinal tract |
MALT | mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
PALS | mostly T cells in the spleen. periarteriolar lymphoid sheath |
M cells of gut epithelial wall | deliver pathogens from luminal side of gut mucosa to lymphoid tissue within the gut wall |
antibodies | soluble forms of immunoglobulins |
T-cell receptors | antigen receptors of lymphocytes |
epitope | antigenic determinant is the part of the antigen boudn by the immunoglobulin or t-cell receptor |
variable region | amino-terminal region that differs in amino acid sequence |
constant region | region identical in amino acid sequence |
T-cell receptor chains | alpha, Beta chain |
immunoglobulin chains | light, heavy |
isotypes | different types of constant region in immunoglobulins |
germline configuration | before rearrangement(how its present in eggs and sperm) |
somatic recombination | gene rearrangement in B and T cells |
somatic hypermutation | activated by dividing B cells introduces nuclotide substitutions into the immunoglobulin heavey and light chain genes |
MHC | major histocompatibility complex molecule. glycoprotein |
MHC complexes | antigen-presenting cells |
MHC 1 | intracellular deals with viruses and some bacteria |
MHC 2 | extracellular, professional antigen presenting cells |
polymorphism | many diff. genetic variants of MHC and is chief cause of rejection of tissue transplants |
clonal selection | process whereby pathogens select particular clones of lymphocyte for expansion |
5 classes of immunoglobulins | IgA, IgD, IgE,IgG, IgM |
IgM | 1st antibody to be secreted in immune response |
humoral immunity | immunity due to antibodies and their actions |
humors | body fluids such as blood or lymph |
IgM,IgA,IgG | main antibodies present in blood, lymph and fluid in connective tissues |
neutralization | antibodies reduce infection by binding tightly to a site on a pathogen so as to inhibit pathogen growth, replication or interaction with human cells |
opsonization | coating bacteria with IgG, or complement |
primary immune response | developed from very few lymphocytes |
secondary immune response | sufficient to repel pathogen before any detectable symptom of disease |
immunodeficiency diseases | 2 mutant copies of a gene and lack the function encoded by that gene. this can lead to varying degrees of failure of immune system |
AIDS | acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
allergy | when antibodies of IgE isotype are made against innocuous substances in environment |
autoimmune diseases | chronic immune responses that gradually erode a target cell |
hygiene hypothesis | overall incidence of hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases is increasing that attributes to the widespread practice of hygiene, vaccination, and antibiotic therapy |