Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account.
Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Immunology Chapter 1

QuestionAnswer
vaccination procedure whereby severe disease is prevented by prior exposure to agent in a form that cannot cause disease
immunology study of physiological mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasions by other organisms
Jenner English credited with invention of vaccine (small pox)
Bone marrow location that makes all cells of immune system
pathogen organism with the potential to cause disease
opportunistic pathogens pathogens that colonize the human body to no ill effect for much of the time but cause illness if body's defenses are weakened
4 pathogens bacteria, viruses,fungi, internal parasites
1979 smallpox eradicated
skin body's first defense against infection
complement serum proteins that mark pathogens with flags
innate immune response host defense mechanisms that afct from the start of an infection and do not adapt to a particular pathogen
cytokines soluble proteins trigger innate response. (secreted by effector cells). also induce local dilation of capillaries
inflammation calor, dolor, rubor, tumor (heat, pain, redness, swelling)
effector cell engulfs, kills and breaks down bacteria, cirus infected cells or attack protozoan parasites
inflammatory cells white blood cells present in inflamed tissues that contribute to inflamation
lymphocytes white blood cells, makes single species of antigen receptor
adaptive immune response defense organized around ongoing infection and adapts to nuances of pathogen
immunological memory in adaptive response stay in body=long term protection
protective/acquired immunity adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory
progenitor cells make lymphocytes w/different specifity
primary response 1st time that adaptive response immune response is made to a given pathogen
secondary response 2nd + times adaptive response is made
LEUKOCYTES white blood cells
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell progenitor cells gives rise to red blood cells (erythrocytes), megakaryocytes
hematopoisesis when hematopoietic stem cells give rise to hematopoietic cells
1st production of blood cells early embryo blood cells are first produced in YOLK sac and later in fetal liver
megakaryocytes platelet formation, wound repair, permanent residents of bone marrow
myoloid progenitor makes myoloid lineage of cells
myoloid cells ganulocytes(cytoplasmic granules that have substances that kill microorganisms and enhance inflammation
small lymphocyte production of antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper T cells
Dendritic cell activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses
Plasma cell differentiated form of B cell secretes antibodies
Mast cell expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules contining histamine and other active agents
Natural killer cell kills cells infected with certain viruses
monocyte circulating precursor cell to macrophage, laukocyte that circulate in blood
Neutrophil granulocyte most abundant and of all white blood cells, phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
Macrophage phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses
eosinophil killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
basophil granulocyte, function unknown, least abundant
erythrocyte oxygen transport
polymorphonuclear leukocytes granulocytes w/ irregularly shaped nucliei w/2-5 lobes
phagocytes specialize in capture engulfment and killing of microorganisms
pus neutrophils live short and die at site of infection forming this
NK cells natural killer cells, effector cells
immunoglobulins cell surface receptors for B cells
lymphoid organs/tissues bone marrow, thymus, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, apendix, lymph nodes, peyer's patches
primary/central lymphoid tissues thymus, and bone marrow...where lymphocytes develop and mature to the stage at which they are able to respond to a pathogen
lymphatic vessels originate in connective tissues and collect the plasma that continually leaks out of blood vessels and forms the extracellular fluid
lymph extracellular fluid that flows through the lymphatics
lymph node drains
lymphatic system circulation circulation is 1 way
edema swelling due to fluid accumulation
afferent lymphatic vessels arrive at lymph node
efferent lymphatic vessel leave the lymph node
lymphoid follicle mostly B cell area of lymph node
naive lymphocytes naive lymphocytes arrive at lymph nodes in arterial blood
plasma cells effector B cells
cytotoxic T cell kill cells infected w/viruses or INTRAcellular pathogens
spleen lymphoid organ=filter for blood...removes aged or old red cells; removes infectioius agents
GALT gut associated lymphoid tissues include: tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and peyer's patches
BALT Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue includes gastrointestinal tract
MALT mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
PALS mostly T cells in the spleen. periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
M cells of gut epithelial wall deliver pathogens from luminal side of gut mucosa to lymphoid tissue within the gut wall
antibodies soluble forms of immunoglobulins
T-cell receptors antigen receptors of lymphocytes
epitope antigenic determinant is the part of the antigen boudn by the immunoglobulin or t-cell receptor
variable region amino-terminal region that differs in amino acid sequence
constant region region identical in amino acid sequence
T-cell receptor chains alpha, Beta chain
immunoglobulin chains light, heavy
isotypes different types of constant region in immunoglobulins
germline configuration before rearrangement(how its present in eggs and sperm)
somatic recombination gene rearrangement in B and T cells
somatic hypermutation activated by dividing B cells introduces nuclotide substitutions into the immunoglobulin heavey and light chain genes
MHC major histocompatibility complex molecule. glycoprotein
MHC complexes antigen-presenting cells
MHC 1 intracellular deals with viruses and some bacteria
MHC 2 extracellular, professional antigen presenting cells
polymorphism many diff. genetic variants of MHC and is chief cause of rejection of tissue transplants
clonal selection process whereby pathogens select particular clones of lymphocyte for expansion
5 classes of immunoglobulins IgA, IgD, IgE,IgG, IgM
IgM 1st antibody to be secreted in immune response
humoral immunity immunity due to antibodies and their actions
humors body fluids such as blood or lymph
IgM,IgA,IgG main antibodies present in blood, lymph and fluid in connective tissues
neutralization antibodies reduce infection by binding tightly to a site on a pathogen so as to inhibit pathogen growth, replication or interaction with human cells
opsonization coating bacteria with IgG, or complement
primary immune response developed from very few lymphocytes
secondary immune response sufficient to repel pathogen before any detectable symptom of disease
immunodeficiency diseases 2 mutant copies of a gene and lack the function encoded by that gene. this can lead to varying degrees of failure of immune system
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
allergy when antibodies of IgE isotype are made against innocuous substances in environment
autoimmune diseases chronic immune responses that gradually erode a target cell
hygiene hypothesis overall incidence of hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases is increasing that attributes to the widespread practice of hygiene, vaccination, and antibiotic therapy
Created by: jlvon425
Popular Biology sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards