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Med Surg Test #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder) | Radiographic study used to show size and position of kidneys, ureters, and bladder |
| IVP (intravenous pyelogram) | visualizes urinary structures and radiopaque stones (Verify BUN and creatinine) |
| Always check for allergies of... | shellfish and iodine |
| Retrograde Pyelogram | Visualizes kidneys, ureters, and bladder (verify BUN and creatinine) |
| Cystogram | Visualizes contour of bladder (f/c inserted prior, po fluids encouraged after) |
| MRI | used to image vascular systems, stage renal carcinoma, identify bladder tumors. (calculi and stones) |
| CT scan | used to diagnose renal pathology, determine kidney size, and evaluate tissue densities with or without contrast |
| Renal angiography | provides details of arterial supply to the kidneys, location, number, and patency of renal arteries (Nsg: bleeding precautions and vs) |
| Cystoscopy | visual exam of inside of bladder (purpose: identify cause of hematuria, incontinence, and retention.) (Nsg: monitor sedation, obtain urine culture and s/s of infection) |
| Biopsy | samples are taken for diagnoses (purpose: cancer, prostatic enlargement, renal disease, evaluate transplant rejection) (nsg: monitor for bleeding, vs, assess voiding) (teach: s/s of infection and meds) |
| Urinalysis | detects bacteria, blood, casts, and other abnormalities of urine |
| urine culture | verifies uti and determines specific organism |
| 24 hr urine collection | to evaluate urine for 17 ketosteroids |
| urine specific gravity | a measurement of kidneys ability to concentrate and excrete urine (norm: 1.005-1.030) |
| creatinine clearance | used to determine how the kidneys excrete creatinine clearance (norm: 15-25 mg/kg body weight in 24 hrs |
| BUN (blood urea nitrogen) | evaluates kidney function and hydration staus (norm: 10-20 mg/dl) |
| Urinary Incontinence | urinary sphincter unable to control flow out of urine |
| cystitis | inflammation of urinary bladder |
| urethritis | inflammation of urethra (seen more in men than women) |
| pyleonephritis | normal flora (ex: e coli) invades urinary tract causing inflammation of kidneys |
| Acute Glomerulonephritis | nephritis that occurs most frequently in children and young adults and affects males more than women |
| Chronic Glomerulonephritis | kidneys atrophy over 20-30 years decreased # of functional nephrons and eventually leads to kidney failure |
| Kidney and Urethral stones | crystalline mass that forms in urinary system and my obstruct flow of urine |
| Nephrostomy tube | when urine is blocked, tube is places into renal pelvis of kidney and tube will drain urine into a collection bag outside of body |
| Bladder stones | develop in those with chronic urinary retention and urinary stasis |
| urethral stricture | narrowing of ureter due to accumulation of scar tissue |
| cystostomy tube | catheter inserted percutaneously through suprapubic region into bladder to provide urinary diversion. Tube will drain into collection bag. |
| Mastitis | caused or contributed to plugged lactation duct or an infectious bacteria entering through cracked nipple |
| PAP test | obtain sample of exfoliated cells in cervix (detects early cervical cancer and determines estrogen levels) |
| Cervical biopsy | performed when PAP test results are positive or questionable |
| endometrial smear and biopsy | removal of endometrial tissue |
| dilation and evacuation (D&E) | surgical procedure in which the cervix is stretched open and endometrium is scrapped (after miscarriage) |
| Mammography | a radiographic technique that screens for breast cancer |
| culdoscopy | allows visualization of uterus, broad ligaments and fallopian tubes |
| Laparoscopy | exam of interior of abdomen (detects ectopic pregnancies, perform tubal ligation, obtain ovarian tissue for biopsy, and detects for pelvic abnormalities |
| colposcopy | to visualize cervix and vagina |
| hysterosalpingogram | radiographic study used to visualize uterus and fallopian tubes |
| hysterectomy | surgical removal of uterus using abdominal or vaginal approach |
| tubal ligation | permanent form of female sterilization |
| pelvic organ prolapse | congenital or acquired weakness in the muscles and fascia that are needed to support pelvic structures |
| endometriosis | endometrial tissue is found outside of uterus, particularly on ovaries, rectovaginal septum. and in pelvis/abdomen |
| toxic shock syndrome | septic shock that is a life-threatening systemic reaction to toxins produced by bacteria |
| vaginitis | vaginal inflammation caused my mechanical or chemical irritants |
| cervicitis | infectious agents enter the cervix |
| vasectomy | ligation of vas deferens as a minor procedure in MD office |
| transrectal ultrasound | lubricated probe is inserted into rectum to obtain view of prostate gland and identifies enlarged prostate |
| tissue biopsy | prostatic biopsy of prostatic tissue for analysis by the perineal or rectal approach |
| hydrocele | fluid accumulation |
| varicocele | dilated veins (indicates swelling) |
| torsion of spermatic cord | twisting of testes and spermatic cord |
| BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) | occurs due to endocrine changes associated with aging and involves an enlargement of prostate gland |
| epididymitis | inflammation of epidydimis and may result from an infection of the prostate |
| pelvic inflammatory disease | refers to any inflammation in the pelvic cavity (commonly caused by gonorrhea and chlamydia) |
| AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) | infectious and eventually fatal disorder that profoundly weakens immune system |
| HIV 1 | found in US and mutates easily and frequently |
| HIV 2 | found in western africa and less transmittable, longer interval between infection and AIDS |
| pulmonary angiography | radioisotope study that allows the physician to assess the arterial circulation in lungs |
| bronchoscopy | direct visualization of larynx, trachea, and bronchi using a scope |
| pulmonary function study | measures the functional ability of the lungs |
| sputum specimen | examined for pathogenic microorganisms and cancer cells |
| arterial blood gases | determines the bloods ph, oxygen carrying capacity, and CO2, and bicarbonate ion |
| TB skin test | determines if client has been infected with tuberculosis |
| thrush | yeast infection in mouth |
| thoracentesis | allows aspiration if excess fluid or air from visceral and parietal pleurae |
| rhinitis (common cold) | inflammation of nose and upper respiratory tract |
| sinusitis | inflammation of mucosal lining of sinuses |
| pharyngitis | inflammation of pharynx (sore throat) (inflammation may be caused by bacteria, virus, or fungus) |
| laryngitis | inflammation and swelling of the mucus membranes that line the larynx |
| tonsillitis | inflammation of tonsils |
| adenoiditis | inflammation of adenoids |
| acute bronchitis | inflammation of mucous membrane that lines the major bronchi and their branches |
| pneumonia | inflammatory process affecting the bronchioles and alveoli classified by etiology |
| etiologies of pneumonia | typical, atypical, radiation, chemical, aspiration, hypostatic, lobar |
| tuberculosis | as immune activation occurs, tissue granulation occurs. lymphocytes undergo necrosis, forming a "cheesy" material that sloughs into the bronchus and can become airborne |
| pleurisy | acute inflammation of pleura |
| pleural effusion | collection of fluid in the pleural space |
| COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) | problems moving air in and out of lungs |
| emphysema | alveoli lose elasticity, trapping air that normally gets expired and enables proper O2 and CO3 exchange |
| chronic bronchitis | excessive secretion of mucus that interferes with airflow and inflammatory damage to bronchial mucosa that causes a productive cough |
| asthma | chronic lung disease characterized by reversible airway obstructions |
| 3 types of asthma | allergic, idiopathic, and mixed |
Created by:
LindsayMD
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