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AP Bio Animal Behav
Cards for Animal Behavior Unit 662699
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Animal Behavior | An organism's behavior is important for its survival and for the successful production of offspring |
| Animal Behavior | A certain behavior may enable one animal to outcompete others of its own species |
| Animal Behavior | The study of behavior and the relationship to its evolutionary origins is called ethology |
| Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) | Innate, highly stereotypic behavior. Once begun, the behavior is continued until completion and is triggered by a sign stimulus. |
| Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) | Ex. Ultrasound signals from bats trigger avoidance behavior in moths and the moths fold their wings and drop to the ground. Ultrasound is the sign stimuls |
| Sign stimuli | If sign stimuli are exchanged between members of the same species, they are called releasers |
| Sign Stimuli | When a male stickleback fish observes a fish with a red belly, it attacks, protecting its territory; in fact, it will attack a non fishlike model as long as it has a splash of red; the red is the releaser |
| Sign Stimuli | Described by Niko Tinbergen |
| Learning | A sophisticated process in which the responses of an organism are modified as a result of experience. |
| Learning | Capacity to learn is tied to brain capacity and life span; the longer the life span, the more the animal experiences and the more it can learn |
| Learning | An animal with minimal brain power and/or short life span must rely on fixed action patterns |
| Habituation | One of the simplest forms of learning |
| Habituation | An animal learns to ignore a persistent stimulus so it can "go about its business" |
| Habituation | Habituation may increase fitness by allowing an animal to focus on real dangers, not irrelevant stimuli |
| Habituation | Example: if you lightly tap a dish containing a hydra, the hydra quickly shrinks and becomes immobile; if you keep tapping lightly, eventually it begins to ignore the tapping, elongate, and resume moving; the hydra becomes habituated to the stimulus. |
| Associative Learning | The type of learning in which one stimulus becomes lined to another through experience. |
| Associative Learning | Example: operant conditioning and classical conditioning |
| Operant Conditioning | One type of associative learning called trial and error learning |
| Operant Conditioning | An animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with reward or punishment and then repeats or avoids that behavior |
| Operant Conditioning | BF Skinner ('30s) placed a rat into a cage containing a lever that released a pellet of food; the rat learned to depress the lever because that behavior was associated with a reward, obtaining food; |
| Operant Conditioning | This form of learning is the basis of most animal training |
| Classical Conditioning | Type of associative learning |
| Classical Conditioning | Ex. Dogs naturally salivate at the site of food. Pavlov('20s) taught dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food by repeatedly ringing a bell before he fed the animals |
| Imprinting | Learning that occurs during a sensitive or critical period in the early life of an individual and is irreversible for the length of that period |
| Imprinting | Konrad Lorenz carried out the famous exp involving geese hatchlings; he was the first being they saw and they became imprinted on him. Wherever he went, they followed |
| Cooperation | Enables individual animals to carry out a behavior, such as hunting, that can be done as a group more successfully than each can do alone |
| Cooperation | Ex. by hunting in packs, animals can bring down a much larger animal than one predator could accomplish alone |
| Agonistic Behavior | Agressive behavior involving a variety of threats or actual combat to settle disputes among individuals |
| Agonistic Behavior | Disputes can be over food, mating, or shelter |
| Agonistic Behavior | Involves both real, aggressive behavior as well as symbolic or ritualistic behavior |
| Agonistic Behavior | A dog bears its teeth and erects its ears and hair to make it look taller-- this may cause the loser to engage in submissive behavior by looking down or away |
| Dominance Hierarchies | Pecking order behaviors dictate social position and determines who eats first |
| Dominance Hierarchies | Top-ranked animals -- alpha animal |
| Territoriality | Protecting ones own territory for the purposes of capturing food, mating, and rearing young |
| Territoriality | Territories are established by agonistic behavior |
| Altruism | Behavior that reduces an individual's fitness; but it increases the fitness of the group or family that shares many of the genes with the altruistic individual |
| Altruism | When an individual sacrifices itself for its kin, the kin have a better chance to pass on their genes - kin selection |
| Karl Von Frisch | Known for extensive studies of honeybee communication |
| Karl Von Frisch | Described the honeybee's elaborate waggle dance, which communicates both direction to and distance from food to other bees in the hive. |
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