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Pain Mgmt chap 11
Med Surgical Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define the term pain | Pain is a privately experienced, unpleasant sensation usually associated with disease or injury. |
| Give characteristics distinguishing acute from chronic pain | Acute is usually less than 6 mos. Chronic is longer than 6 mos. |
| Describe 4 phases of pain transmission. | Transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. |
| Differentiate between pain perception,pain threshold, and pain tolerance. | Perception-brain experiences pain at a conscious lvl. PThreshold-pain reaches the brain causing awareness. Ptolerance-pain that can be endured. |
| Name categories of drugs used to manage pain. | Opioid analgesics, nonopioid analgesics, antidepressants, corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, and psychostimulants. |
| Describe methods of administration for analgesic drugs. | Oral, rectal, transdermal, or parenteral routes, continuous infusion, and self administered intravenously by clients. |
| Identify 2 surgical procedures performed on clients with intractable pain. | Rhizotomy-procedure on the spine that involves a laminectomy. Cordotomy-interruption of pain pathways. |
| A lowered pain threshold may occur when excitatory neurontransmitters such as glutamate sensitize the spoinal cord to nociceptive input. | Hyperalgesia |
| List at least 3 nursing diagnoses, besides Acute Pain and Chronic Pain, that are common among clients with pain. | |
| Common side effect of opioid use in older adults. | Constipation |
| 5 general techniques for achieving pain mgmt | Blocking brain perception, Interrupting pain transmitting chemicals at the site of injury, combining analgesics with adjuvant drugs, substituting sensory stimuli over shared pain neuropathways, and altering pain at the lvl of the spinal cord. |
| Nondrug interventions used to manage pain. | Applications of heat and cold, transcutancous and percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, and acupressure. |
| Pain associated with injury is best treated initially with?? | Cold applications such as an ice bag or chemical pack. |
| Noninvasive Techniques | Imagery, biofeedback, humor, breathing exercisesand progressive relaxation, and distraction. |
| Pain caused by mechanical, chemical, thermal, ore electrical injuries or disorders affecting bones, joints, muscles, skin or other structures composed of connective tissue. | Somatic Pain Superficial somatic pain-cutaneous pain such as an insect bite. Deeper Somatic Pain-caused by trauma. |
| Chronic pain sufferers may have periods of acute pain, which is referred to as | Breakthrough pain |
| Bind with opiate receptors in the central nervous system. | Morphine sulfate, oxycodone (Roxicodone), hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (demerol), fentanyl patch (Duragesic), tramadol(Ultram) |
| Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, producing analgesic effects. | Nonopioid Analgesics Aspirin |
| Counteract sedation; increase activity and appetite. | Psychostimulants methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
| Suppress neuronal firing | Anticonvulsants Carbamazepine (Tegretol), clonazepam (klonopin), gabapentin (Neurontin), Lamotrigine (Lamictal) |
| Compare nociceptive pain with neropathic pain. | Nociceptive pain is caused when special nerve endings called nociceptors are irritated. Pain when you burn yourself or twist your ankle. Neuropathic pain is a malfunction of the nervous system-an injury or illness. A sharp intense sharp or shooting pain. |
| Chemical mediators released during Transduction phase. | Prostaglandins, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, and substance P. |
Created by:
girlfey
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