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Where did the Native Americans come from?
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When did the Native Americans come to America?
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Unit 1 Test Review
APUSH Unit 1 Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where did the Native Americans come from? | Siberia over the land bridge into Alaska |
| When did the Native Americans come to America? | During the last Ice Age 12,000-35,000 years ago in waves of migration |
| Why did the Native Americans come to America? | They were hunter-gatherers in search of food |
| Where did the term "Indians" come from? | Columbus thought he was in The Indies, and NEVER realized he wasn't in The Indies |
| Who was the first to claim America as "The New World"? | German mapmaker, Amerigo Vespucci |
| How many Indians lived in the US? | 3-10 million |
| How many Indians lived in the Mexico and Central America? | 20-30 million |
| How many Indians lived in South America? | 30-40 million |
| How many Indians lived in the New World? | 50-75 million, SAME AS EUROPE! |
| What was the myth of the "virgin land"? | The fact that America was lightly populated when the Europeans came |
| Why were the civilizations of Americas considered primitive? | No horses and guns, wheel, iron (used silver and gold), had human sacrifice |
| What were the Olmec known for? | Began the agricultural revolution in 1500 BC |
| What were the Maya known for? | They were astronomers, mathematicians, had a calendar, had glyphs |
| What were the Toltec known for? | First civilization, Teotihuacan |
| What were the Aztecs known for? | Irrigation system, Tenochtitlan, conquered by Cortes in 1519, had population of 300,000 (MORE THAN EUROPEAN CITY) |
| What were the Inca known for? | Elaborate system of roads |
| Why were the Indians considered less advanced than the civilizations in America? | No form of writing, no large empires/cities, always involved in wars |
| What was life like for the NW Indians? | Fishing, wealthy, stratified social structure |
| What was life like for the Seed Gatherers? | Gathering |
| What was life like for the Southwest Indians? | Agriculture, trade |
| What was life like for the Plains Indians? | Nomadic (buffalo) |
| What was life like for the Eastern Woodland Indians? | Hunting (mobile), agriculture (CBS) |
| What was life like for the Southeast Indians? | Hunting, agriculture |
| What characteristics did the Indians share? | Tribalism, concept of nature & man's relationship with it, land ownership, less advanced materially |
| What have been the 2 dominant stereotypes of the Native Americans? | Savages, noble savages |
| What are two unique characteristics about the Iroquois? | Matriarchal, politically organized (Confederacy) |
| Who started the Iroquois Confederacy? | Hiawatha |
| What did America exchange with Europe? | Food (potato, corn) & silver, gold |
| What was the effect of exporting food to Europe? | Dramatic population increase |
| What was the effect of exporting silver & gold to Europe? | Inflation, Spain becomes the greatest power, Commercial Revolution (capitalism) |
| What did Europe exchange with America? | Diseases (small pox, influenza, measles, malaria), new animals (horses, cattle, pigs, sheep), new technology/goods (guns, metal, alcohol, cloth) |
| What was the effect of diseases in America? | Killed off 90% of the Indians |
| Nez Pearce | Seed Gatherer |
| Chinook | Northwest |
| Shoshone | Seed Gatherer |
| Yurok | Northwest |
| Yakuts | Seed Gatherers |
| Chumash | Seed Gatherers |
| Ute | Southwest |
| Navajo | Southwest |
| Hopi | Southwest |
| Apache | Southwest |
| Pueblo | Southwest |
| Hopi | Southwest |
| Zuni | Southwest |
| Blackfoot | Plains |
| Crow | Plains |
| Araphaho | Plains |
| Sioux | Plains |
| Cheyenne | Plains |
| Shawnee | Plains |
| Kiowa | Plains |
| Comanche | Plains |
| Winnebago | Eastern Woodlands |
| Chippewa | Eastern Woodlands |
| Ottawa | Eastern Woodlands |
| Huron | Eastern Woodlands |
| Iroquois | Eastern Woodlands |
| Choctaw | Southeast |
| Cherokee | Southeast |
| Creek | Southeast |
| Seminole | Southeast |
| What was the Reformation? | Questioning of the Catholic Church |
| Who questioned the Catholic Church? | Germany: Martin Luther & Protestantism Switzerland: John Calvin & Calvinism England: Henry VIII & the Anglican Church |
| What was the political status of Europe in 1492? | Spain's Isabella and Ferdinand, centralization of power |
| What was the socio-economic status of Europe in 1492? | Decline of feudalism, birth of the middle class (merchants, artisans) |
| What was the Renaissance? | Rediscovered classical learning, Age of Reason, adventure & curiosity, inventions for sailing |
| What were the 3G's for exploration? | Gold, god, glory |
| What was the religious status of England during this time? | Anglican Church & Catholicism (back and forth), Puritans |
| Who were the Puritans? | Wanted to purify the Anglican Church |
| Who were the two houses that governed England during this time? | Tudors and the Stuarts |
| Who was a part of the Tudors and what religion did they implement? | Henry VII (C) Henry VIII (E) Edward VI (E) Mary (C) Elizabeth I (E) |
| Who was a part of the Stuarts and what religion did they implement? | James I (E) Charles I (E) Charles II (E) James II (C) |
| What is Charles I known for? | Dissolving Parliament, Puritan Revolution |
| What is Charles II known for? | Restoring England's independence, kicking out the Catholics, giving joint stock companies power over the colonies |
| What is James II known for? | Allowed Catholics into Parliament, constitutional monarchy, Glorious Revolution - William and Mary |
| What is Oliver Cromwell known for? | Interregnum - England ruled by common man & NOT the monarchy |
| What was the socio-economic status of England during this time? | Rise of middle class, enclosure movement |
| What was the enclosure movement? | Government took away land from farmers |
| What was the cultural status of England at this time? | Renaissance (Shakespeare & Sir Francis Drake) |
| What was an encomienda? | Grant to the conquistadors for land only if they try to Christianize the Indians |
| Who was Bartólome de Las Casas? | Priest of the Caribbean who converted Indians there |
| What were the two kinds of Spanish settlement? | Presidio and mission |
| How were the Spanish colonies governed? | Centralized rule from Spain through a governor |
| What was the class structure within the Spanish colonies? | 1. Peninsulares (Europeans) 2. Creoles (Spanish born in America) 3. Artisans 4. Mestizos (Euro-Indian mix) 5. Mulattos 6. Slaves |
| Who dominated the society and economy in the Spanish colonies? | Peninsulares & Creoles (aristocratic) |
| What was the French motivation for settlement? | Fur trade in America and sugar in the West Indies |
| Where were the French colonies located? | Louisiana, Canada, West Indies |
| Why was Canada and Louisiana lightly populated? | Extreme weather, must be Catholic, little freedom |
| Who were the couer de bois? | Fur traders |
| When was the French and Indian war? | 1756 |
| What was the Dutch's motivation for settlement? | Fur trade & rivalry with England |
| What happened when the Dutch was conquered by England? | New Netherlands renamed New York |
| What is mercantilism? | Then need to export more than import, BENEFITS THE MOTHER COUNTRY, goal was to keep money within British Empire |
| What were the first two colonies in Virginia? | Jamestown and Roanoke |
| How did John Smith save Jamestown? | Established marshal law - no work, no eat |
| Why was Jamestown such a fail? | Located near a swamp - diseases, water contamination ==> DEATH |
| Who helped the colonists in Jamestown? | Powhatan and Pocahontas |
| What did John Rolfe do for Virginia? | Began the tobacco craze |
| Why were there labor problems in Virginia? | Headlight system & indentured servitude - Bacon's Rebellion |
| What is the American Paradox? | 1619 - first African slaves sold & establishment of the House of Burgesses |
| What were the conditions to be a member of the House of Burgesses? | 1. White 2. Male 3. Over 30 4. Own land |
| What the sole condition for not being eligible for slavery? | If a person was Catholic |
| What was the political status of the Virginia colony? | Royal governor appointed by the king, House of Burgesses |
| What was the structure of the House of Burgesses? | Upper house: governor's council Lower house: colonists elect |
| What was the economic status of the Virginia colony? | Dominated by tobacco |
| How were the settlements in Virginia set up? | Spread out in rural areas |
| What was the religious status in the Virginia colony? | Anglican church |
| What was the mortality rate in the Virginia colony? | 42 years, 50% die before age of 20 |
| What was the sex ratio in the Virginia colony? | 6:1/4:1 - lots more men! |
| What were the three types of colonies? | Royal, proprietary, self-governing |
| What was a royal colony? | King appoints a governor |
| How many royal colonies were there? | Eight |
| Which were the proprietary colonies? | Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware |
| What was a proprietary colony? | People who own land choose the governor |
| Which were the self-governing colonies? | Rhode Island and Connecticut |
| What was a self-governing colony? | colonists elect their own governor |
| What were the 3 levels of colonial government? | King in Parliament & Board of Trade royal governor colonial assembly |
| What was the period of "benign neglect"? | laws existed but the government didn't do anything about it |
| What power did the royal governor have in the 13 colonies? | veto and appointment of power |
| How was the colonial assembly in the 13 colonies structured? | upper house: governor's council lower house: assembly (elected by colonists) |
| Who must taxes be approved by before they go into effect? | lower house |
| What were the Navigation Acts? | implement mercantilism, goods can only be shipped on British ships, enumerated items (tobacco, rice, furs, sugar) could only be sold within the British Empire, others would have a pay a tax at British port |
| What was the economy of the New England Colonies? | trade, fishing |
| What came about as a result of the Navigation Acts? | smuggling |
| What was the economy of the middle colonies? | "breadbasket" (wheat, corn) |
| What was the economy of the South? | staple crops (rice, indigo, tobacco), slavery |
| What percentage of white Americans are farmers? | 90%-95% |
| What was the status of the population in 1750? | rapidly growing - doubling every 20 years, majority of the population is between 16-21 |
| Who immigrated to America during this time? | Scotch Irish & Germans |
| What were the families like during this time? | large, patriarchal |
| What was the 18th Century Enlightenment? | idea of natural laws & reason |
| Who was the best example of Enlightenment in the American colonies? | Benjamin Franklin |
| What was the Great Awakening? | reaction against rationalism of the Enlightenment, emphasizes emotion over reason |
| Who were involved in the Great Awakening? | Johnathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God) George Whitefield |
| Who were the supporters/opponents of the Great Awakening called? | New/Old Lights (supporters of Calvinism) |
| What was the result of the Great Awakening? | united the colonists, common folk challenges authority (Bacon's Rebellion, NY slave revolt) |
| What did America look like in 1689? | Spanish, French, British |
| What did America look like in 1763? | Spanish, British |
| What was the triangular trade route between Africa, New World, and Old World? | to Africa: rum to New World: slaves to Old World: sugar, molasses |
| What was the triangular trade route between West Indies, America, and Europe? | to West Indies: grain, lumber, fish to Europe: sugar, molasses to New World: goods |
| Which were a part of the New England colonies? | Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New Hampshire |
| Which were a part of the Middle Colonies? | Pennsylvania New York Delaware New Jersey |
| Which were a part of the Southern colonies? | Virginia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Georgia |
| What was the difference in population between the English and the French? | England had a larger population and was more concentrated in one area whereas the French had lesser people and were scattered over a large area |
| What was the difference between the economy of the English and the French? | The English were concerned with agriculture and were firmly established and largely self-sufficient whereas the French depended on Europe, were into fur trading and didn't establish permanent settlements. |
| What was the difference between the government of the English and the French? | Each of the 13 colonies were a separate governmental unit, authority was divided between the English and the colonists, and they had trouble uniting whereas the French was centralized and the king had complete authority |
| How did the English and the French deal with the Indians differently? | the English had poor relations with the Indians whereas the French were became friendly with them |
| New Mexico in 1690s, Pope led the largest Indian revolt against European domination - Spanish eventually subdued the revolt | Pope's Rebellion |
| in his Pennsylvania Gazette, he warned his fellow colonists that they must "Join or Die" | Benjamin Franklin |
| founded Georgia as a haven for debtors | James Oglethorpe |
| punished by exile for advocating separation of church and state in Massachusetts Bay; founded Rhode Island | Roger Williams |
| leader of the rebellion against Gov. Berkeley | Nathaniel Bacon |
| English monarch when Carolinas, PA, NY, and CT were founded | Charles II |
| rebellion was mainly supported by young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land | Bacon's Rebellion |
| headed the Dominion of New England | Edmund Andros |
| leader of the Great Awakening | Jonathan Edwards |
| punished by exile for challenging the authority of leading Puritan clergymen in Massachusetts Bay | Anne Hutchinson |
| supposedly saved Capt. John Smith's life | Pocahontas |
| Protestant rulers of the Netherlands involved with the Glorious Revolution | William and Mary |
| Indian chieftain, shot and beheaded for leading an uprising against whites in New England (Pequot Wars) | King Philip |
| last of the Aztec emperors of Mexico | Montezuma |
| owned 5 million acres in VA; one of the few landlords who lived on his property | Thomas Fairfax |
| Pope divided Latin America between Spain and Portugal | Treaty or Tordesillas |
| British general who rebuilt the abandoned French forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point in the French and Indian War; captured Montreal | Jeffrey Amherst |
| a type of primitive corporation, used to fund Jamestown | joint-stock company |
| Congregational minister; led a group of ministers to oppose the Salem Witch Trials as convicting people on dubious evidence | Cotton Mather |
| What is unique about Massachusetts Bay? | founded by Puritans, religious freedom |
| What is unique about Connecticut? | founded by Thomas Hooker, religious/political freedom, Fundamental Orders (basis of our gvt) |
| What is unique about Rhode Island? | founded by Roger Williams, religious toleration, separation of church/state, place for dissenters |
| What is unique about Virginia? | House of Burgesses |
| What is unique about Maryland? | Catholic, religious/political freedom (except Jews & atheists) |
| What is unique about NC? | based on tobacco |
| What is unique about SC? | based on rice and indigo |
| What is unique about Georgia? | haven for debtors, buffer colony |
| What are the three levels of Virginia's government? | British Empire/Parliament colonial level local level |
| What did the British Parliament consist of? | House of Commons (elected by landowners) House of Lords (hereditary noblemen) |
| What was unique about the colonial level of Virginia's government? | governor (appointed by King) House of Burgesses |
| What was unique about the local level of Virginia's government? | county court (sheriff & constable) JP's selected by governor - perform executive, legislative, judicial functions |
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