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Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pneumothorax: Etiology/Pathophysiology | Air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse |
| Pneumothorax:Causes | Chest trauma Ruptured bleb Pleural lining injury Spontaneous |
| Tension pneumothorax | Build up of air in the pleural space, causing interference with the ability of the heart and lungs to fill Life threatening |
| Pneumothorax: Clinical Manifestations- | Decreased breath sounds on affected side Sharp pleuritic pain, dyspnea Diaphoresis, tachycardia Tachypnea Abnormal chest movement Possible sucking chest wound on inspiration Hypoxia Shifting of mediastinum Hypotension |
| Pneumothorax: Assessment | Inquire to a recent injury or coughing episode May c/o shortness of breath, anxiety, hypoxia Breath sounds unequal, or diminished Penetrating or blunt wounds to the chest, unequal movement with flail segements Assess respiratory rate and cardiac |
| Pneumothorax: Diagnostic tests | Chest x-ray ABG |
| Pneumothorax: Medical management | Needle thoracostomy Chest Tube Heimlich valve/water-seal suction |
| Pneumothorax: Nursing interventions- | maintain airway patency and oxygenation Assess and document patency of chest tube Provide analgesics Assist with coughing and deep breathing Splint or support Observe |
| Pneumothorax:Nursing diagnosis | Breathing pattern ineffective r/t nonfunctioning lung Fear related to feeling of air hunger |
| List three signs of a pneumothorax: | Decreased breath sounds on affected side Sharp pleuritic pain, dyspnea Diaphoresis, tachycardia Tachypnea Abnormal chest movement Possible sucking chest wound on inspiration Hypoxia Shifting of mediastinum Hypotension |
| Lung Cancer:Etiology/Pathophysiology | Leading cause of cancer related death in men and women Accounts for 28% of all cancer deaths Tumors, 80-90% r/t cigarettes Second hand smoke, asbestos and air pollution Mortality Treatment |
| Types of lung cancer | Small cell Non-small cell Squamous cell carcinoma Large cell |
| Lung Cancer:Clinical manifestations | Peripheral lesions Central lesions Metastasis |
| Lung Cancer:Assessment | Chronic hoarseness Chronic cough History of smoking or environmental exposure Weight loss |
| Lung Cancer: Assessment(cont) | Hemoptysis Shortness of breath, wheeze Pleural effusion Edema of face or neck Friction rub Clubbing of fingers Pericardial effusion |
| Chronic Bronchitis Assessment | Assess cough Assess severity of dyspnea Auscultation for presence of wheezing Asses patient’s anxiety/restlessness level Vital signs |
| Chronic Bronchitis Diagnostic tests | CBC ABG Pulse oximetry PFT Electrolyte abnormalities |
| Chronic Bronchitis Medical Management | Aimed at minimizing disease progression and facilitating optimal air exchange Medications Bronchodilators Mucolytics Antibiotics |
| Asthma causes | Extrinsic asthma & Intrinsic asthma Reoccurrence of attacks is influenced by mental or physical fatigue |
| Intrinsic asthma | from internal causes. Not fully understood but often triggered by upper respiratory infection and emotional upsets |
| Extrinsic asthma | caused by external factors and occurs in response to allergens, such as pollens, dust spores, feathers, or animal dander, food etc. |
| Asthma Etiology/pathophysiology | Increased tracheal/bronchial responsiveness to various stimuli. Asthma results from an altered immune response Acute attacks are caused by the release of histamine Three primary mechanism involved in producing allergy symptoms |
| Asthma Assessment | Presence of cyanosis Amount of respiratory effort Frequent vital signs Auscultate for wheezing and decreased air movement Check for patient position Gather information related to quality of life, medications, asthma triggers and anxiety |
| Asthma Diagnostic Tests | ABG PFT’s Chest x-ray Sputum culture CBC Theophylline level |
| Asthma Medical Management Maintenance therapy/medications | Bronchodilators Corticosteroids Leukotriene inhibitors |
| Asthma Acute or rescue therapy | Bronchodilators Corticosteroids Epinephrine IV Aminophylline Oxygen Peak flow meter |
| Asthma NURSING DIAGNOSIS | Breathing pattern, ineffective, related to narrow airway |
| Bronchiectasis | A gradual irreversible process of chronic dilation of the bronchi that eventually destroys the elastic and muscular properties of the lung Follows repeated lung infections Secondary to failure of normal lung tissue defenses *inflammation |
| Bronchiectasis Assessment | Note the patient’s complaint of dyspnea, weight loss and fever Dyspnea, cyanosis and clubbing of fingers Coughing episodes Foul-smelling sputum Fatigue, weakness and anorexia |
| Leukotriene Antagonists Category | Therapeutic: antiasthmatics, bronchodilators. Pharmacologic: leukotriene antagonists. Examples: zafirlukast (Accolate). montelukast (Singulair). |
| Leukotriene Antagonists | Hypersensitivity. Lactation. |
Created by:
ninja3lake
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