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Bio- ch. 7
Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Together, the bones, muscles, and joints from an integrated system called the | Musculoskeletal system |
| The branch of medical science concerned with the prevention or correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system is called | orthopedics |
| Bones of the adult are grouped onto two principal divisions: | Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton |
| Axial skeleton has how many bones? | 80 bones |
| The appendicular skeleton has how many bones? | 126 |
| axial skeleton consisting of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body, an imaginary vertical line runs through the body's center of gravity from the head to the space between the feet: | Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, and bones of the vertebral column. |
| Skull has how many bones? | 8 bones |
| Cranium has how many bones? | 14 bones |
| Face has how many bones? | 1 bone |
| Auditory ossicles has how many bones? | 6 bones |
| Vertebral Column has how many bones? | 26 bones |
| Sternum has how many bones? | 1 bone |
| Ribs has how many bones? | 24 bones |
| The appendicular skeleton consists of what type of bones? | upper and lower limbs (extremities of appendages, plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. |
| On what basis is the skeleton grouped into the axial and appendicular divisions? | The skull and vertebral column are part of the axial skeleton. The Clavicle, Shoulder girdle, humerus, pelvic girdle, and femur girdle are part of the appendicular skeleton. |
| Almost all bones of the body can be classified into five main types based on shape: | Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. |
| Have greater length than width, consist of a shaft and a variable number of extremities or epiphyses, and are slightly curved strength: | Long Bone |
| Are somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width: | Short bones |
| Are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue: | Flat bones |
| Have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories. They vary in the amount of spongy and compact bone present. | Irregular bones |
| Develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress such as the palms and soles: | Sesamoid bones |
| Are small bones located in sutures (joints between certain cranial bones.) | Sutural bones |
| Give examples of long, short, flat, irregular, & sesamoid: | Humerus, wrist bone (trapezoid)sternum, vertebra, & patella. |
| Bones have characteristics ____________ , structural features adapted for specific functions. | surface markings |
| There are two types of surface markings: | depression and openings & processes |
| Depression markings | allow the passage of soft tissue ( such as blood vessels, nerves, ligaments, and tendons) or form joints |
| Processes | projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue ( such as ligaments and tendons) |
| The ________ is the bony framework of the head. | Skull |
| The bones of the skull is grouped into two categories: | Cranial bones & facial bones |
| form the crainal cavity, which encloses and protects the brain. The eight cranial bones are the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, and the ethmoid bone. | Cranial bones |
| Fourteen facial bones form the face: | two nasal bones, two maxillae, two zygomatic bones. the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae and the vomer. |
| The ___________ forms the forhead ( the anterior part of the cranium), the roof's of the orbits, and the anterior part of the cranial floor. | frontal bone |
| Soon after birth, the left and right sides of the frontal bone are united by the _____________, which usually disappears between the ages of six and eight. | metopic suture |
| The two _____________ form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity. | parietal bones |
| Sutural bones | in joint between skull bones |
| depressions and openings | participate in joints or allow the passage of soft tissue |
| processes are projections | or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue |
| foramen | opening |
| fossa | shallow depression |
| sulcus | shallow groove |
| meatus | tube-like passageway or canal |
| condyle | large, round protuberance |
| facet | smooth flat articular surface |
| trochanter | very large, roughened projection |
| tuberosity | large, rounded roughened projection |
| frontal bone | forehead, roof of orbits and anterior cranial floor |
| frontal suture | gone by age 6 supraorbital margin and frontal sinus a black eye results from accumulation of fluid and blood in the upper eyelid following a blow to the relatively sharp supraorbital margin (brow line) |
| cranial bone functions | their inner surfaces attach to membranes that stabilize the positions of the brain, blood vessels, and nerves |
| the outer surfaces of cranial bones | provide large areas of attachment for muscles that move the various parts of the head. facial bones form the framework of the face and protect and provide support for the nerves and blood vessels in that area. |
| zygomatic process | forms part of each external auditory meatus mastoid process styloid process stylomastoid foramen mandibular fossa petrous portion carotid foramen jugular portion |
| sphenoid bone | base of skull pterygoid processes are attachment sites for jaw muscles body is a cubelike portion holding sphenoid sinuses greater and lesser wings pterygoid processes lesser wing and greater wing sella turcica holds pituitary gland optic foramen |
| ethmoid bone | forms part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, the medial wall of the orbits, the superior portion of the nasal septum, and most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity. It is a major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity. |
| crista galli | attaches to the membranes that cover the brain lateral masses contain ethmoid sinuses perpendicular plate is upper part of nasal septum forms superior and middle nasal concha or turbinates |
| maxillary | floor of orbit, floor of nasal cavity or hard palate |
| maxillary sinus | alveolar processes hold upper teeth cleft palate is lack of union of maxillary bones |
| zygomatic | cheekbones lateral wall of orbit along with sphenod part of zygomatic arch along with part of temporal |
| lacrimal | part of medial wall of orbit lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac |
| inferior nasal concha or turbinate | not part of the ethmoid |
| mandible | body , angle and rami condylar and coronoid processes alveolar processes for lower teeth mandibular and mental foramen |
| TMJ (temporomandibular joint) | the mandible articulates with temporal bone to form this |
| TMJ syndrome | is dysfunction to varying degrees of the temporomandibular joint. causes appear to be numerous and the treatment is similarly variable. |
| palatine | L shaped one end is back part of hard palate, other end is part of orbit |
| vomer | inferior part of nasal septum |
| nasal septum | is a vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides. |
| a deviated nasal septum | is lateral deflection of the septum from the midline, usually resulting from improper fusion of septal bones and cartilage. |
| the orbits (eye sockets) | contain the eyeballs and associated structures and are formed by seven bones of the skill |
| sutures | are immovable joints found only between skull bones and hold skull bones together |
| coronal suture | unites frontal and both parietal bones |
| squamous suture | unites parietal and temporal bones |
| paranasal sinuses | are cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity |
| sinusitis | occurs when membranes of the paranasal sinuses become inflamed due to infection or allergy |
| fontanels | are dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants. they remain unossified at birth but close early in child's life |
| hyoid bone | is a unique component of the axial skeleton because it does not articulate with any other bones the bone consists of a horizontal body and paired projections, the lesser and greater horns. |
| vertebral column | along with the sternum and ribs, makes up the trunk of the skeleton the 26 bones are arranged into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal |
| cervical vertebrae | 7 in the neck |
| thoracic | 12 in the thorax |
| lumbar | 5 in the low back region |
| sacrum | 5 fused |
| coccyx | 4 fused |
| intervertebral dics | between adjacent vertebrae absorbs vertical shock permit various movements of the vertebral column fibrocartilagenous ring with a pulpy center |
| normal curves of the vertebral column | the four normal vertebral curves are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. |
| spinal canal | is all vertebral foramen together |
| intervertebral froamen | are 2 vertebra notches together |
| atlas | the first cervical vertebra, supports the skull ring of bone, superior faces for occiptal condyles nodding movement at atlanto-occiptal joint signifies "yes" |
| axis | second cervical vertebra, which permits side to side rotation of the head. |
| third to sixth vertebra correspond to | the structural patterns of the typical cervical vertebrae |
| vertebra prominens | is the seventh vertebra, somewhat different |
| typical cervical vertebrae | smaller bodies but larger spinal canal |
| 3 to 7 transverse processes, | horter, with transverse froamen for vertebral artery spinous sprocesses of C2 to C6 often bifid 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae are unique. atlas and axis |
| thoracic vertebrae 2 | larger and stronger bodies |
| longer transverse and spinous processes | some have down turned spinous processes facets or demifacets on body for head of rib facets or transverse process (t1- t10) for tubercle of rib |
| lumbar region | there are 5 lumbar vertebrae they are the largest and strongest vertebrae in the column |
| lumbar vertebrae 2 | strongest and largest short thick spinous and transverse processes back musculature |
| sacrum | is formed by the union of 5 sacral vertebrae and serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle |
| coccyx is formed by | the fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae |
| caudal anesthesia | frequently used during labor, causes numbness in the region innervated by the sacral and coccygeal nerves from the waist to the knees |
| thorax | refers to the entire chest consists of the sternum costal cartilages ribs and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae encloses and protects the organs in the thoracic and superior abdominal cavities. |
| ribs | 1-7 are true ribs- directly attached to the sternum |
| 8-10 are false ribs- | not directly attached to the sternum 11-12 are floating ribs- not attached to the sternum give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity. body with costal groove containing nerve and blood vessels intercostal spaces conta |
| sternum | is located on the anterior midline of the thoracic wall. |
| consists of three parts: | manubrium, body, and xiphoid process |
| manubrium | first and second ribs |
| body | costal cartilages of 2 -10 ribs |
| xiphoid process | ossifies by 40 |
| homestatic imbalances | protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into an adjacent vertebral body is called a herniated disc. this movement exerts pressure on spinal nerves causing considerable pain. |
| herniated | (slipped) disc protrusion of the nucleus pulposus most commonly in lumbar region pressure on spinal nerves causes pain surgical removal of disc after laminectomy. |
| clincal problems | abnormal curves of the spine scoliosis lateral bending of the column,kyphosis exaggerated thoracic curve,lordosis exaggerated lumbar curve. |
| spina bifida | is a congenital defect failure of the vertebral laminae to unite nervous tissue is unprotected paralysis |
Created by:
jbuch
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