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Voice Disorders
Voice Disorders Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Latin for knowledge; gaining knowledge about nature. Can be natural (math) or social (behavior), basic or applied | Science |
| State hypothesis, define methods, collect data, analyze, report results, reject or accept hypothesis, predict, replicate | Scientific Method |
| Cortical mechanisms, subcortical pathways, brainstem connections, vagal nuclei, cerebellum, vagus nerve X | Laryngeal Neuroanatomy |
| Motor control, site for intelligence, last to develop, includes motor strip (precentral gyrus) | Cortical Mechanism-Frontal Lobe |
| Separated from frontal lobe by central gyrus, somatosensory information, sensory strip (postcentral gyrus) | Cortical Mechanism-Parietal Lobe |
| Auditory interpretation, separated from frontal and parietal lobe by lateral sulcus | Cortical Mechanism-Temporal lobe |
| Visual processing | Cortical Mechanism-Occipital lobe |
| Under the lobes and folds in on itself at birth | Cortical Mechanism-Insular lobe |
| Little brain, posterior and inferior in the brain, connected to brain stem, coordinates movements. Patients may complain of coughing or lack of gag reflex | Cortical Mechanism-Cerebellum |
| Includes midbrain, pons, and medulla | Brainstem |
| Controls heart rate, digestion, and respiration | Midbrain |
| Connects the midbrain and medulla, controls primitive actions | Pons |
| Connects to the spinal cord and controls primitive actions | Medulla |
| Runs from the medulla to the hips, reflexive | Spinal cord |
| Includes grey matter (cortices and bell bodies) and white matter (subcortical pathways and axons) | Subcortical pathways |
| Below the cortex inside of the brain, receives all motor and sensory activity will the exception of smell | Thalamus |
| Produces dopamine | Substantia Nigra |
| Major pathway that is connected to the heart | Vagal nuclei |
| Controls speech and swallowing | Cranial Nerve X |
| Consists of the brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous System |
| Consists of the nerves and they exit points at the spinal cord | Peripheral Nervous System |
| Consists of nerves that leave the brainstem to innervate the head and neck | Cranial Nervous System |
| Contains cerebrospinal fluid, lateral ventricles, choroid plexus, and meninges | Ventricular System |
| Drain into the inferior ventricles and the spinal cord | Lateral ventricles |
| Primary site of blood filtering to create CSF | Choroid Plexus |
| Dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater | Meninges layers |
| Caused by cortical lesions | Alzheimer's |
| Caused by lesion in the motor area | Aphasia or apraxia |
| Caused by lesion to the motor pathways | Dysarthria |
| Molecular layer, external granular layer, pryamidal layer, internal granular layer, ganglionic layer, fusiform layer | Cortex layers |
| Includes the head (site for dopamine synthesis), tail, and amygdala | Subcortical Nuclei/Basal Ganglia-Caudate Nucleus |
| Divided into the putamen and globus palidus. Involved in retrieving over-learned motor behaviors | Subcortical Nuclei/Basal Ganglia-Lentricular nucleus |
| Processes incoming sensory input except smell | Subcortical Nuclei/Basal Ganglia-Thalamus |
| Would cause resting (cerebral) or intentional tremors (basal ganglia) | Subcortical nuclei lesion |
| Flow of air that is manipulated to make sounds, how well you manipulate the air determines how well sounds are produced | Respiration |
| Amount we take in and release during quiet breathing | Tidal volume |
| Volume that remains to keep the lungs from collapsing | Residual volume |
| Take in as much oxygen as possible | Inspiratory volume |
| Let out as much oxygen as possible | Expiratory volume |
| Inspiratory to expiratory; varies as a function of aging, health, and smoking | Vital capacity |
| Beyond normal breathing limits, used for shouting | Reserve levels |
| Closed system with air and water | WET spirometer |
| Normal quiet breathing | Eupnea |
| Increased depth of breathing without increased rate of breathing | Hypernea |
| Succession of breathing at the end of normal exhalation | Apnea |
| Succession of breathing at the end of normal inhalation | Apneusis |
| Increase in tidal volume followed by decrease in tidal volume, sign for cardiac arrest and meth abuse | Cheyne-Stokes respiration |
| Repeated deep gasps followed by apnea, may have high CSF pressure, ALS, or Huntington's | Biat's respiration |
| Helps maintain attention by screening out other stimuli | Reticular Activating System |
| Connects the midbrain and cerebellum | Superior Cerebellar Peduncle |
| Connects the pons and cerebellum | Middle cerebellar peduncle |
| Most ventral portion of the midbrain | Crus Cerebri |
| Includes the trapezoid bodies, superior olavary complex which are relay sites for audition | Pons |
| Includes pyramids and ventral portions | Medulla oblongata |
| Efferent motor system, major descending pathway. Begins in pyramidal layer of cortex at the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and passes through midbrain | Cortical spinal tract 1 |
| Converges at the internal capsule. Descends through midbrain to the crus cerebri. Continues to pons and medulla to the pyramid. | Cortical spinal tract 2 |
| 80% of fibers cross at the pyramid of the medulla and become lateral corticospinal tract. If they do not cross they become the anterior corticospinal tract. Fibers continue to the spinal tract | Cortical spinal tract 3 |
| Lesions in the internal capsule would cause this damage | Contralateral |
| Lesions in the anterior cortical spinal tract would cause this damage | Same side, less damage |
| Efferent motor system, begins in the cortex and goes to the bulbar area to supply cranial nerves. More on lateral side. Fibers descend through internal capsule into midbrain and crux cerebri. | Cortical Bulbar Tract 1 |
| Will exit to innervate head and neck, exits at the midbrain to innervate occulomotor nerve and some will exit in the pons or medulla for the vagus nerve | Cortical Bulbar Tract, 2 |
| Information coming into the brain will go to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe | Afferent sensory system |
| Responds to mechanical pressure and vibratory sensations | Pacinian Corpuscle |
| Responds to light touch | Meissners Corpuscle |
| Tells you the angles of your joints | Joint receptors |
| located in the fingertips, gives kinesthetic feedback | Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscle |
| Fibers of the afferent sensory system will decussate in the medulla at the ____ | Internal arcuate fibers |
| Ear, receives info from the pinna, involved in contact ulcers with a burning sensation behind the ear | Aricular (sensory) vagus branch |
| Supplies the carotid sinus reflex and helps control blood pressure, palpitations will be a symptom | Cardiac (motor) vagus branch |
| Goes to the pharynx and velum, tensor veli palatini is NOT innervated | Pharyngeal (motor) vagus branch |
| sensory branch receives info from the mucous membranes of the larynx, epiglottis, esophagus, supraglottic walls, and pharyngeal walls. Motor branch innervates the cricothyroid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor | Superior Laryngeal (sensory-motor) vagus branch |
| sensory branch receives info from below the vocal folds. Motor branch innervates larynx muscles | Inferior/Recurrent Laryngeal (sensory-motor) vagus branch |
| Helps with autonomic and secretory functions within the abdomen and thorax | Parasympathetic vagus branch |
| Hoarse voice, swallowing difficulties, mild to moderate breathing difficulties, nasality, loss of gag reflex on side of lesion | Unilateral lesion of the vagus |
| complete paralysis of the pharynx and larynx, vocal fold adduction, paralysis of the esophagus, projectile vomiting, tachycardia | Bilateral lesion of the vagus |
| Provides and airway, facilitates birthing, defecation, and lifting weights, maintains blood pressure | Biological function of the larynx |
| Only bone in the larynx, free floating | Hyoid bone |
| Independent movements of these allows us to change pitch and intensity. May rock, glide, or rotate | Arytenoid cartilages |
| Theory based on anatomical model by Hirano states there are 2 layers of vocal folds that allow for mucosal wave | Body-Cover Theory of Phonation |
| Do not vibrate, but oscillate. Cover and body contribute to phonation | Vocal folds |
| Mucosal epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated colunmar epithelium, superficial layer of the lamina propria | Vocal fold cover |
| Intermediate and deep layers of the laminal propria | Vocal fold transition layer |
| Vocalis muscle | Vocal fold body |
| Originiate outside of the laryngeal framework but insert into the larynx | Extrinsic muscles |
| Originate inside and insert inside of the laryngeal framework | Intrinsic muscles |
| Pull the larynx upwards and shorten the vocal tract | Laryngeal elevators/supraglottic |
| Pull the larynx down and lengthen the vocal tract to create a lower tone | Laryngeal depressor/infraglottic |
| A function of time | Amplitude |
| Movement during amplitude when it decreases and loses energy | Dampening |
| Line on the graph | Function |
| Simple harmonic motion | Sine curve |
| Distance from a reference point | Amplitude |
| Rate that the sine wave repeats itself | Frequency |
| 60-65dB | Average of conversational speech |
| The time it takes to complete one cycle | Period |
| cycles per second, lower hertz=lower pitch | Hertz (Hz) |
| Average for men is 120Hz, average for women is 220Hz, children is 300Hz, crying is 600Hz in infants | Average frequencies |
| distance between two successive events in simple harmonic motion | Wavelength |
| Combining two sine waves | Complex tone |
| Wave with the highest energy | Fundamental frequency |
| Air, volume, length, and material | Will affect sound and tone |
| Movement of air based on Bernoulli principle. As air flow increases internal pressure decreases. Air flows through vocal folds and is constricted, moving faster, causing internal pressure to drop and suck vocal folds together. | Myoelastic and aerodynamic theory 1 |
| Once the vocal folds are closed pressure will build up again and cause them to blow back open. The faster air moves the more pressure will drop | Myoelastic and aerodynamic theory 2 |
| the vocal folds will continue to come together after being moved apart | Self sustaining oscillation |
| Amplitude as a function of frequency | Spectrum |
| amplitude as a function of time | Wavelength |
| the major concentration of energy | Resonant frequencies/poles |
| next greatest concentration of energy, multiples of the fundamental frequency | Formants/harmonics |
| How the input changes from pure sound to phonation and the dampening characteristics of the vocal tract that changes input to output by absorbing energy or resonating energy | Transfer function |
| Where energy is being absorbed, valleys with decreased energy | Anti-resonances/zeros |
| source is created at the glottal level by the vocal folds that create pure noise, its spectrum decreases at a uniform rate. Air passes through vocal tract some frequencies are dampened and some are resonated. Filter is the vocal tract | Source filter theory |
| Two masses that are connected to muscles that make them elastic. the muscles move back and forth to change the shape of the vocal fold (vertical phasing). Biomechanical explanation for vertical phasing | Two mass model of phonation |
| Superior and inferior levels of the vocal folds have phase relationship (bottom portions of the vocal folds open and close first to create the mucosal wave) | Vertical phasing |
| 8 masses represented the body, 8 masses represented the cover. Biomechanical explanation for longitudinal phasing | 16 mass model of phonation |
| Anatomical, aerodynamic, biomechanical, and source filter | Models of phonation |
| Origin: cricoid Insertion: thryoid Innervation: superior laryngeal nerve Action: elongates the vocal folds | Cricothyroid-Intrinsic |
| Origin: cricoid Insertion: Arytenoid Innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve Action: adducts the glottis | Lateral cricoarytenoid-intrinsic |
| Origin: arytenoid Origin: Arytenoid Innervation: recurrent laryngeal branch Action: adducts the glottis | Transverse arytenoids-intrinsic |
| Origin: muscular process of arytenoid Insertion: opposite arytenoid Innervation: recurrent laryngeal branch Action: closes the arytenoids | Oblique arytenoid-intrinsic |
| Origin: thryoid Insertion:arytenoid Innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve Action: adducts te thyroid and arytenoid | Thyromuscularis-intrinsic |
| Origin: thyroid Insertion: vocal process of arytenoid Innervation: recurrent laryngeal branch Action: May tense vocal folds | Thyrovocalis-Intrinsic |
| Origin: Cricoid Insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid Innervation: recurrent laryngeal branch Action: abducts the glottis | Posterior cricoarytenoid-intrinsic |
| Origin: mandible Insertion: hyoid bone Innervation: trigeminal Action:draws hyoid up and forward | Anterior belly of the digastric-Extrinsic |
| Origin: temporal bone Insertion: hyoid Innervation: facial nerve Action: draws the hyoid up and back | Posterior belly of the digastric-Intrinsic |
| Origin: temporal Insertion: hyoid Innervation: facial nerve Action: draws hyoid up and back | Stylohyoid-Extrinsic |
| Origin: mandible Insertion: hyoid Innervation: trigeminal nerve Action: Raises the hyoid | Mylohyoid-Extrinsic |
| Origin: mandible Insertion: hyoid Innervation: hypoglossal nerve Action: draws hyoid up and forward | Geniohyoid-extrinsic |
| Origin: sternum Insertion: hyoid Innervation: upper cervical spinal nerve Action: draws the hyoid down | Sternohyoid-extrinsic |
| Origin: scapula Insertion: Hyoid bone Innervation: Upper cervical spinal nerve Action: draws the hyoid down | Omohyoid-extrinsic |
| Origin: thryoid Insertion: hyoid Innervation: upper cervical spinal nerve Action: draws the hyoid down | Thryohyoid-extrinsic |
| Origin: sternum Insertion: thryoid Innervation: upper cervical spinal nerve Action: draws the thryoid down | Sternothryoid-extrinsic |
Created by:
rawlinan
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