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CUI C7 Fund Midterm

Vocab for Ch 9, 10, 16, 21, 24, 39-41, 43, 48

Question	Answer
acculturation	Process of intercultural borrowing between diverse peoples, resulting in a new and blended pattern.
assimilation	The result of an individual giving up his or her ethnic identity in favor of the dominant culture.
biculturalism	Term used to describe a person who has two culture's lifestyles or sets of values.
bilineal	Kinship extended to both the father's and mother's side of the family.
confianza	A Spanish term for caregivers who interact with the client in a personalistic, warm, friendly, and respectful manner.
cultural backlash	A counterculture effect when experience with the new or different culture is extremely negative and the culture is then rejected.
cultural care accommodation or negotiations	Adapt or negotiate with others for a beneficial or satisfying health outcome.
cultural care preservation and maintenance	Retain and/or preserve relevant care values so that clients can maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or death.
cultural care repatterning and restructuring	Reorder, change, or greatly modify clients' lifeways for a new, different, and beneficial health care plan.
cultural imposition	Using one's own values and lifeways as the absolute guide in dealing with clients and interpreting their behaviors.
cultural pain	May be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
culturally congruent care	Care that fits the people's valued life patterns and set of meanings.
culture	Nonphysical traits such as values, beliefs, attitudes, and customs shared by a group and passed from one generation to the next.
culture bond syndrome	Illnesses constituted by the personal, social, and cultural explanations and reactions of a given society to perceived dysfunctions or abnormalities in its members.
emic worldview	An insider or native perspective of any intercultural encounter.
enculturation	Socialization into one's primary culture as a child.
ethnicity	Cultural group's sense of identification associated with the group's common social and cultural heritage.
ethnocentrism	Strong belief that one's own cultural group is the best and that all that this group believes and teaches is truth.
ethnohistory	Knowledge of a client's country of origin and its history and ecological contexts.
etic worldview	An outsider's perspective of an intercultural encounter.
fictive	Nonblood kin.
Halal	Foods that are permissible for Muslims to eat; includes meat (that has been slaughtered during a prayer ritual), fish, fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs, milk, and cheese.
haram	Foods that are prohibited for Muslims to eat; includes non-Halal meat, animals with fangs, pork products, gelatin products, and alcohol.
hilot	The name Filipinos use for a practitioner other than medical doctors attending childbirth.
Hmongs	A culture that believes in the global causation of illness that goes beyond the mind and body of the person to forces of nature.
Hwa-Byung	A Korean culture-bound syndrome observed among middle-age, low-income women who are overwhelmed and frustrated by the burden of caregiving for their in-laws, husbands, and children.
Igbos	A culture in West Africa that greatly celebrates the birth of a son.
invisible culture	The less visible components of a culture.
kosher	The diet of the Jewish people, including avoiding meat from carnivores, pork products, and fish without scales or fins.
matrilineal	Kinship to the mother's side of the family.
naturalistic practitioners	Attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause alteration in the equilibrium of the human body.
patrilineal	Kinship to the father's side of the family.
personalismo	Mexican-American term for caregivers who interact with them in personalistic manner.
personalistic practitioners	Cultural healers who believe that health and illness can be caused by active influence of an external agent, which can be human (e.g., sorcerer) or nonhuman (e.g., ghosts, evil, or deity).
rabbi	A Jewish cleric or teacher.
Ramadan	A Muslim time of fasting during daylight hours for the 28 days of the ninth lunar month.
resiliency	The ability to cope with expected and unexpected stressors.
respeto	Spanish word for respectful.
rites of passage	Significant social markers of changes in a person's life.
Sabbath	The day God appointed to be observed as a day of rest. Jewish people refrain from using electrical appliances on the Sabbath.
shaman	A priest or conjurer among those who profess shamanism, such as the Hmongs, an Asian culture.
Sikh (Sikhism)	An Indian culture, half religious, half military; Sikh man easily identified by visible artifacts that he wears (uncut hair with wooden comb, beard, turban, cotton underwear, steel bracelet, and short sword).
simpatia	Spanish word for warm and friendly.
subcultures	Cultures that represent various ethnic, religious, and other groups with distinct characteristics from the dominant culture.
transcultural nursing	Nursing style that represents an effort by nurses from all cultural backgrounds and clinical areas to come together and define concepts that enable them to develop the knowledge and skills needed to provide culturally sensitive care.
visible culture	A culture that has easily seen components. It is important to understand that the invisible value-belief system of a particular culture is the major driving force behind visible practices.
family	Group of people related by heredity, such as parents, children, and siblings; group of interacting individuals composing a basic unit of society. Although concepts of what constitutes a family vary, the family usually has some degree of permanence, commit
family as client	Nursing perspective in which the family is viewed as a unit of interacting members having attributes, functions, and goals separate from those of the individual family members; the nurse provides care to the family as a whole.
family as context	Nursing perspective in which the primary focus of care is on an individual within a family.
family as system	Nursing perspective in which both family as client and context are included.
hardiness	Combination of three personality characteristics that are thought to mediate against stress: a sense of control over life events, a commitment to meaningful activities, and an anticipation of challenge as an opportunity for growth.
reciprocity	Care recipient shows appreciation for the caregiver, which leads to a more productive and healthy relationship.
family forms	Patterns of people considered by family members to be included in the family
functional health patterns	Method for organizing assessment data based on the level of client function in specific areas (e.g., mobility).
assessment	First step of the nursing process. Activities required in the first step are data collection, data validation, data sorting, and data documentation; the purpose is to gather information for health problem identification.
back channeling	Active listening techniques that indicate that the nurse has heard what the client says.
interview	Type of communication with a client that is initiated for a specific purpose and focused on a specific content area.
nursing health history	Data collected about a client's present level of wellness, changes in the client's life patterns, sociocultural role, and mental and emotional reactions to an illness.
objective data	Data relating to a client's health problem that are obtained through observation or diagnostic measurements.
open-ended questions	Inquiries aimed at obtaining a full client response and discussion between the client and the nurse.
review of systems	Systematic method for collecting data on all body systems.
standards	Measure or guide that serves as a basis for comparison when evaluating similar phenomena or substances.
subjective data	Data relating to a client's health problem that are given in the client's own words.
cue	Information that you obtain through use of the senses
data analysis	A process of reviewing available data for patterns or trends and forming conclusions about the meaning of the data.
validation	The process of comparing data with another source to confirm its accuracy
authority	Right to act in areas in which the individual has been given and accepts responsibility.
decentralized management	Process by which managers and staff become more actively involved in shaping a health care organization's identity and determining its success.
nursing	Diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.
primary nursing	Nursing services designed to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days, or visits.
shared governance	Senior clinical staff groups are empowered to establish and maintain care standards for nursing practice on their work unit.
team nursing	A delivery of care model that has an RN as leader of the team and team members consisting of other RNs, LPN/LVNs, and assistive personnel. Team members provide direct client care to a group of clients, under the direction and coordination of the RN team l
total patient care	A delivery of care model where a registered nurse is responsible for all aspects of one or more clients' care. The model has a shift-based focus.
delegation	Process of assigning another member of the health care team aspects of client care (e.g., assigning nurse assistants to bathe a client).
assertiveness	Comprises respect for others, respect for yourself, self-awareness, and effective, clear and consistent communication.
channels	Means of conveying and receiving messages through visual, auditory, and tactile senses.
communication	Means by which people interact.
empathy	Ability to understand and accept another person's reality.
interpersonal communication	Exchange of information between two persons or among persons in a small group.
interpersonal variables	Factors within both the sender and receiver that influence communication.
intrapersonal communication	Communication that occurs within an individual (e.g., a person who talks with the self silently or who forms an idea in the mind).
message	Information sent or expressed by the sender in the communication process.
metacommunication	Communication that includes not only what is said but also the relationship of those involved in the interaction. It is a message that conveys the sender's attitude toward the self, the message, and the attitudes, feelings, and intentions toward the liste
nonverbal communication	Communication using expressions, gestures, body posture, and positioning rather than words.
perceptional biases	Human tendencies that interfere with accurately perceiving and interpreting messages from others.
public communication	Interaction between one person and a large group of people.
receiver	Person to whom the message is sent during the communication process.
referent	Factor that motivates a person to communicate with another individual.
sender	Person who initiates interpersonal communication by conveying a message.
small-group communication	Interaction that occurs when a small number of persons meet together.
symbolic communication	Verbal and nonverbal symbolism used by others to convey meaning.
sympathy	Concern, sorrow, or pity felt for the client, generated by the nurse's personal identification with the client's needs.
therapeutic communication techniques	Specific responses that encourage the expression of feelings and ideas and convey the nurse's acceptance and respect.
transpersonal communication	Interaction that occurs within a person's spiritual domain.
verbal communication	Sending of messages from one individual to another or to a group of individuals through the spoken word.
feedback	In communication theory, information produced by a receiver and perceived by a sender that informs the sender about the receiver's reaction to the message. Feedback is a cyclical part of the process of communication that regulates and modifies the content
inference	Taking one proposition as a given and guessing that another proposition follows.
nursing process	Systematic problem-solving method by which nurses individualize care for each client. The five steps of the nursing process are assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
erythema	Redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes that is a result of dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries; sunburn is an example.
individuation	Process whereby an individual looks to gain an understanding of the self as distinct yet also in relationship with others.
acne	Inflammatory papulopustular skin eruption, usually occurring on the face, neck, shoulders, and upper back.
apocrine gland	One of the large, deep exocrine glands located in the axillary, anal, genital, and mammary areas of the body; secretes sweat that has a strong odor.
buccal glands	Found in the mucosa lining of cheeks and mouth, they secrete saliva to maintain the hygiene and comfort of oral tissues.
complete bed bath	Bath given to clients who are totally dependent and require total hygiene care.
cuticle	Fold of skin that hides the root of the nail.
dermis	Layer of skin just below the epidermis that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles.
eccrine	Two types of sweat glands; eccrine glands are present throughout the dermal layer of the skin and promote cooling by evaporation of their secretions.
edentulous	Toothless.
effleurage	Long, slow, gliding strokes of massage.
enucleation	Removal of an eyeball as a result of tumor growth, severe infection, or eye trauma.
epidermis	Superficial avascular layers of the skin made up of an outer, dead, cornified portion of cells and a deeper, living, cellular portion.
gingivitis	Inflammatory condition in which the gums are red, swollen, and bleeding.
halitosis	Offensive breath resulting from poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infection, ingestion of certain foods, or systemic disease.
lunula	Whitish area at the base of the nail bed.
mastication	Chewing, tearing, or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva.
neuropathy	Abnormal condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of peripheral nerves that alter sensory or motor function.
ophthalmologist	Medical doctor whose practice is limited to diseases, conditions, and trauma to the eyes. An ophthalmologist also prescribes corrective lenses for clients whose visual acuity is impaired.
optometrist	Medical doctor whose practice is limited to primary eye care.
partial bed bath	Bath in which body parts that might cause the client discomfort if left unbathed (i.e., face, hands, axillary areas, back, and perineum) are washed while the client remains in bed.
perineal care	Cleansing procedure prescribed for the genital and anal areas as part of the daily bath or after various obstetrical and gynecological procedures.
afterload	Resistance to ventricular ejection.
aldosterone	Substance released by the adrenal cortex in response to increased plasma potassium levels or as a part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism to counteract hypovolemia.
angina pectoris	Episodic chest pain caused most often by myocardial anoxia as a result of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Pain radiates down the inner aspect of the left arm and is often accompanied by feeling of suffocation and impending death.
bronchoscopy	Visual examination of the tracheal and bronchial tree using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.
cardiac index (CI)	Adequacy of the cardiac output of an individual.
cardiopulmonary rehabilitation	Process of actively assisting the cardiopulmonary client to achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise, nutritional counseling, relaxation and stress management techniques, prescribed medication, oxygen therapy, a
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)	Basic emergency procedures for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage.
chest tube	Catheter inserted through the thorax into the chest cavity for removing air or fluid; used after chest or heart surgery or pneumothorax.
diaphragmatic breathing	Respiration in which the abdomen moves out while the diaphragm descends on inspiration.
dyspnea	Shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing that may be caused by certain heart or lung conditions or strenuous exercise.
electrocardiogram (ECG)	Graphic record of the electrical activity of the myocardium.
electrolyte	Element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or another solvent, dissociates into ions and is able to carry an electrical current.
extracellular fluids	Portion of body fluids composed of interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
filtration	Process by which water and diffusible substances move together in response to fluid pressure.
hematemesis	Vomiting of blood; indicates upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
hemoptysis	Coughing of blood from the respiratory tract.
hemothorax	Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae.
humidification	Process of adding water to gas.
hyperventilation	Respiratory rate in excess of that required to maintain normal carbon dioxide levels in the body tissues.
hypoventilation	Reduction in the volume of air that enters the lung for gas exchange; oxygen exchange insufficient to meet metabolic demands of the body.
hypoxia	Inadequate cellular oxygenation that may result from a deficiency in the delivery or use of oxygen at the cellular level.
incentive spirometry	Method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to clients of the inspiratory volume they have achieved.
myocardial infarction	Necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by obstruction in a coronary artery.
myocardial ischemia	Cardiac condition that results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet the oxygen demands of the organ.
nasal cannula	Device for delivering oxygen by way of two small tubes that are inserted into the nares.
nebulization	Process of adding moisture to inspired air by the addition of water droplets.
normal sinus rhythm (NSR)	Wave pattern on an electrocardiogram that indicates normal conduction of an electrical impulse through the myocardium.
peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)	Maximal flow rate, measured in liters, that can be generated during a forced expiratory maneuver.
pneumothorax	Collection of air or gas in the pleural space.
postural drainage	Use of positioning along with percussion and vibration to drain secretions from specific segments of the lungs and bronchi into the trachea.
preload	Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, immediately before ventricular contraction.
pursed-lip breathing	Deep inspiration through the nose and mouth, not using pursed lips, followed by prolonged expiration through pursed lips.
thoracentesis	Surgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural space with a needle for the aspiration of fluid or to obtain a specimen for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
ventricular fibrillation	A life-threatening rhythm in which there is no ventricular filling and no cardiac output. This dysrhythmia requires immediate intervention.
ventricular tachycardia	A life-threatening dysrhythmia because of the decreased cardiac output and the potential to deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation.
wheezing	Adventitious lung sound caused by a severely narrowed bronchus.
expiration	The act of exhalation or emptying the air from the lungs.
inspiration	The act of breathing in, or filling the lungs with air
active transport	Movement of materials across the cell membrane by means of chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than would otherwise be possible.
angiotensin	Substance produced by renin that causes some vasoconstriction.
anion gap	Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions: determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions.
anions	Negatively charged electrolytes.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)	Substance stored in the posterior pituitary gland that is released in response to changes in blood osmolarity.
arterial blood gas	The oxygen and carbon dioxide content of arterial blood, measured by various methods to assess the adequacy of ventilation and oxygenation and the acid-base status of the body.
autologous transfusion	Transfusion procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a time before it is returned to the donor's circulation.
buffer	Substance or group of substances that can absorb or release hydrogen ions to correct an acid-base imbalance.
colloid osmotic pressure	Pressure that tends to keep fluid in the intravascular compartment.
colloids	Blood and blood components.
concentration gradient	Difference between two concentrations.
crystalloids	Intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte therapy.
dehydration	Excessive loss of water from the body tissues, accompanied by a disturbance of body electrolytes.
dyssomnias	Primary sleep disorders.
fluid volume deficit (FVD)	Alteration characterized by the loss of fluids and electrolytes in an isotonic fashion.
fluid volume excess (FVE)	Alteration characterized by the abnormal retention of fluids and electrolytes in an isotonic fashion.
hemolysis	Breakdown of red blood cells and release of hemoglobin as may result from the administration of hypotonic intravenous solutions that cause progressive swelling and rupture of the erythrocytes.
homeostasis	State of relative constancy in the internal environment of the body, maintained naturally by physiological adaptive mechanisms.
hydrostatic pressure	Pressure exerted by a liquid.
hypertonic	Situation in which one solution has a greater concentration of solute than another solution; therefore the first solution exerts more osmotic pressure.
hypotonic	Situation in which one solution has a smaller concentration of solute than another solution; therefore the first solution exerts less osmotic pressure.
infiltration	Dislodging an intravenous catheter or needle from a vein into the subcutaneous space.
infusion pump	Device that delivers a measured amount of fluid over a period of time.
insensible water loss	Loss of fluid from the body by evaporation, such as that which normally occurs during respiration.
interstitial fluid	Fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body and that provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body.
intracellular fluids	Liquids within the cell membrane.
intravascular fluid	Blood plasma.
ions	Atoms or groups of atoms that have acquired an electrical charge through the gain or loss of an electron or electrons.
isotonic	Situation in which two solutions have the same concentration of solute; therefore both solutions exert the same osmotic pressure.
metabolic acidosis	Abnormal condition of high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid caused by either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in bicarbonate.
metabolic alkalosis	Abnormal condition characterized by the significant loss of acid from the body or by increased levels of bicarbonate.
milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)	Unit of measurement representing the number of grams of the specific electrolyte dissolved in a liter of plasma.
oncotic pressure	Total influence of a protein on the osmotic activity of plasma water.
osmolarity	Osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmols or milliosmols per liter of the solution.
osmols	Quantity of a substance in solution in the form of molecules, ions, or both that has the same osmotic pressure as 1 mole of an ideal nonelectrolyte.
osmoreceptor	Receptor that is sensitive to fluid concentration in the blood plasma and that regulates the secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
osmosis	Movement of a pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration.
osmotic pressure	Drawing power for water, which depends on the number of molecules in the solution.
outcome	Condition to be achieved as a result of health care delivery. Favorable or adverse changes in clients' health states due to prior or concurrent care.
respiratory acidosis	Abnormal condition characterized by increased arterial carbon dioxide concentration, excess carbonic acid, and increased hydrogen ion concentration.
respiratory alkalosis	Abnormal condition characterized by decreased arterial carbon dioxide concentration and decreased hydrogen ion concentration.
sensible water loss	Water loss that occurs though excess perspiration.
solute	Substance dissolved in a solution.
solvent	Any liquid in which another substance can be dissolved.
transfusion reaction	Systemic response by the body to the administration of blood incompatible with that of the recipient.
vascular access devices	Catheters, cannulas, or infusion ports designed for long-term, repeated access to the vascular system.
venipuncture	Technique in which a vein is punctured transcutaneously by a sharp, rigid stylet or by a needle attached to a syringe.
acidosis	An increase of hydrogen ions producing a lower pH.
alkalosis	A decrease of hydrogen ions producing a higher pH.
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)	hormone secreted from atrial cells of the heart in response to atrial stretching and an increase in circulating blood volume. ANP has been identified as a diuretic that causes sodium loss and inhibits the thirst mechanism
transcellular fluid	Transcellular fluid is fluid separated from other fluids by a cellular barrier and consists of cerebrospinal, pleural, gastrointestinal, intraocular, peritoneal, and synovial fluids (Elgart, 2004). Loss of transcellular fluid can produce fluid and electro
accountability	State of being answerable for one's actions. For example, the professional nurse answers to herself or himself, the client, the profession, the employing institution, and the professional society for the effectiveness of nursing care performed.
acupressure	Therapeutic technique of applying digital pressure in a specified way on designated points on the body to relieve pain, produce anesthesia, or regulate body function.
acute pain	Follows acute injury, disease, or surgical intervention and has a rapid onset; varies in intensity, and lasts for a brief time, usually less than 6 months.
addiction	A primary, chronic, neurobiological disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use,
breakthrough pain	Pain that extends beyond treated steady chronic pain.
chronic pain	Pain that lasts longer than anticipated (usually over 6 months), may not have an identifiable cause, and may lead to great personal suffering. Chronic pain may be noncancerous (nonmalignant) or cancerous.
cutaneous stimulation	Stimulation of a person's skin to prevent or reduce pain perception. A massage, warm bath, application of liniment, hot and cold therapies, and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation are some ways to reduce pain perception.
drug tolerance	A state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug induces changes that result in diminution of one or more of the drug's effects over time.
epidural space	Where the epidural analgesia is administered.
guided imagery	Method of pain control in which the client creates a mental image, concentrates on that image, and gradually becomes less aware of pain.
idiopathic pain	Pain in the absence of an identifiable physical or psychological cause or pain perceived as excessive for the extent of organic pathological condition.
modulation	Alteration in the magnitude or any variation in the duration of an electrical current.
nociceptor	Somatic and visceral free nerve endings of thinly myelinated and unmyelinated fibers; these fibers usually react to tissue injury but may also be excited by endogenous chemical substances.
nutrients	Foods that contain elements necessary for body function, including water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
opioid	Pertaining to natural and synthetic chemicals that have opium-like effects although they are not derived from opium.
pain	"An unpleasant, subjective sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." (International Association for the Study of Pain, 1979)
pain threshold	The point at which a person feels pain.
pain tolerance	The level of pain that a person is willing to put up with.
patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)	Drug delivery system that allows clients to self-administer analgesic medications as desired.
physical dependence	A state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level or the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist.
placebo	Inert substance with no active ingredient.
prostaglandins	Potent hormonelike substances that act in exceedingly low doses on target organs; they can be used to treat asthma and gastric hyperacidity.
pruritus	Symptom of itching.
pseudoaddiction	Patient behaviors (drug seeking) that may occur when pain is undertreated.
pseudotolerance	The need to increase opioid dose for reasons other than opioid tolerance: progression of disease, onset of new disorder, increased physical activity, lack of adherence, change in opioid formulation, drug-drug interaction, drug-food interaction (Wall and M
responsibility	Duty associated with a particular role.
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)	Technique in which a battery-powered device blocks pain impulses from reaching the spinal cord by delivering weak electrical pulses directly to the skin's surface.
transduction	Process that begins in the periphery when a pain-producing stimulus sends an impulse across a peripheral nerve fiber.
transmission	Transfer or conveyance of a thing or condition.
analgesics	Medications that provide pain relief
epidural anesthesia	Pain management via the epidural space
perineural infusion	An unsutured catheter from a surgical wound placed near a nerve or groups of nerves connects to a pump containing a local anesthetic
quality improvement	Monitoring and evaluation of processes and outcomes in health care or any other business to identify opportunities for improvement.
abnormal reactive hyperemia	Hyperemia over a pressure site lasting longer than 1 hour after the removal of pressure; surrounding skin does not blanch.
abrasion	Scraping or rubbing away of epidermis; may result in localized bleeding and later weeping of serous fluid.
blanching	Whitening of the skin from pressure, vasoconstriction, or hypotension.
collagen	Substance that combines to form the white, glistening, inelastic fibers of tendons, ligaments, and fasciae.
darkly pigmented skin	Obvious color of intact dark skin that remains unchanged (does not blanch) when pressure is applied over a bony prominence, irrespective of the client's race or ethnicity.
debridement	Removal of dead tissue from a wound.
drainage evacuators	Convenient portable units that connect to tubular drains lying within a wound bed and exert a safe, constant, low-pressure vacuum to remove and collect drainage.
epithelialization	Stage of wound healing that is characterized by growth of epithelial tissue.
eschar	Scab or dry crust that results from excoriation of the skin.
evisceration	Protrusion of visceral organs through a surgical wound.
fibrin	Protein product formed from the action of thrombin on fibrinogen in the clotting process.
fistula	Abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs.
hematoma	Collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the skin or an organ.
hemorrhage	External or internal loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time.
hemostasis	Termination of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or by the coagulation process of the body.
induration	Hardening of a tissue, particularly skin, because of edema or inflammation.
kinesthesia	Perception of position of body parts, weight, and movement.
laceration	Torn, jagged wound.
normal reactive hyperemia	Hyperemia over a pressure site that lasts 1 hour or less after the removal of pressure; surrounding skin does blanch.
puncture	Wound made by piercing the skin.
secondary intention	Wound closure in which the edges are separated, granulation tissue develops to fill the gap, and finally epithelium grows in over the granulation, producing a larger scar than results with healing by primary intention.
serosanguineous	Containing both serum and blood.
shearing force	Friction exerted when a person is moved or repositioned in bed by being pulled or allowed to slide down in bed.
slough	Shedding off of dead tissue cells.
tissue ischemia	Point at which tissues receive insufficient oxygen and perfusion.
wound	Disruption of normal anatomical structure and function that results from pathological processes beginning internally or externally to the involved organ(s).
wound contraction	Process that involves movement of the dermis and epidermis on each side of the wound.
approximated	Wound edges are closed
sutures	Wound closing similar to sewing
case management	Model of care; the case manager advises nursing staff on specific nursing care issues, coordinates the referral of clients to services provided by other disciplines, ensures that client education has been implemented, and monitors the client's progress th
primary intention	Primary union of the edges of a wound that progresses to complete scar formation without granulation.
environment	Physical circumstances in which a person works or lives; can increase the likelihood that certain illnesses will occur (e.g. some kinds of cancer and other diseases are more likely to develop when industrial workers are exposed to certain chemicals or whe
autonomy	Ability or tendency to function independently.
perception	Person's mental image or concept of elements in the environment, including information gained through the senses.
stroke volume	Amount of blood ejected by the ventricle during a ventricular contraction.
ventilation	Respiratory process by which gases are moved into and out of the lungs.
alopecia	Partial or complete loss of hair; baldness.
cardiac output	Volume of blood expelled by the ventricles of the heart; equal to the amount of blood ejected at each beat (the stroke output) multiplied by the number of beats in the period of time used in the computation.
caries	Abnormal condition of a tooth, characterized by decay.
cerumen	A yellow, waxy substance produced by sweat glands in the external ear canal. This is normal.
local anesthesia	Loss of sensation at the desired site of action.
cyanosis	Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in hemoglobin.
orthopnea	Abnormal respiratory symptom in which a person must sit or stand to breathe deeply or comfortably.
phlebitis	Inflammation of a vein.
solution	Mixture of one or more substances dissolved in another substance. The molecules of each of the substances disperse homogeneously and do not change chemically. A solution may be a liquid, gas, or solid.
relaxation	Relief from work or stress that leaves one feeling relaxed or less tense.
biofeedback	Behavioral therapy that involves giving individuals information about physiological responses (such as blood pressure or tension) and ways to exercise voluntary control over those responses.
diffusion	Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
hypovolemia	Decreased circulatory blood volume resulting from extracellular fluid losses.
exudates	Fluid, cells, or other substances that have been slowly discharged from cells or blood vessels through small pores or breaks in cell membranes.
granulation tissue	Soft, pink, fleshy projections of tissue that form during the healing process in a wound that is not healing by primary intention.
purulent	Producing or containing pus.
sanguineous	Fluid containing red blood cells.
serous	A clear (like plasma) fluid that forms an exudate at the site of an inflammation.
renin	Proteolytic enzyme produced by and stored in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that surrounds each arteriole as it enters a glomerulus. The enzyme affects the blood pressure by catalyzing the change of angiotensinogen to angiotensin, a strong repressor.
cations	Positively charged electrolytes.
chest physiotherapy (CPT)	Group of therapies used to mobilize pulmonary secretions.
neurotransmitter	Chemical that transfers an electrical impulse from the nerve fiber to the muscle fiber.
regional anesthesia	Loss of sensation in an area of the body supplied by sensory nerve pathways.
pressure ulcer	Inflammation, sore, or ulcer in the skin over a bony prominence.
dehiscence	Separation of a wound's edges that reveals underlying tissues.
dysrhythmia	Heartbeat that deviates from the normal pattern.
edema	Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
friction	Effect of rubbing or the resistance that a moving body meets from the surface on which it moves; a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.
atelectasis	Collapse of alveoli, preventing the normal respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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