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TL Endocrine
Endocrine Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What hormones come from the posterior pituitary? | ADH and Oxytocin |
| What gland is responsible for fluid balance, child birth, and prostate gland contraction? | posterior pituitary |
| What hormones does the posterior pituitary use to regulate fluid balance, child birth, an prostate gland contraction? | ADH and oxytocin |
| Name 2 actions of ADH. | causes reabsorption of water in the kidneys to support BP and blood volume, causes peripheral vasoconstriction |
| What is the affect of ADH on urine output? | decreased urine output/ less water out |
| What are the functions of oxytocin? | Uterine contraction, mammary gland milk ejection, contraction of the smooth muscles of the prostate gland |
| Name the seven hormones that come from the anterioror pituitary gland. | thyroid stimulating hormone, andrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, growth hormone (somatotropin {body – growing}), prolactin, interstitial cell-stimulating hormone |
| How does the function of anterior pituitary hormones differ from the function of posterior pituitary hormones? | Most anterior pituitary hormones regulate secretion of hormones from other glands where as the posterior pituitary secretes hormones work directly on the target tissues |
| What is the overall function of the thyroid gland? | regulates the rate of cellular metabolism |
| What is the role of the thyroid gland in a growing child? | responsible for normal skeletal, muscular, and neurological growth and development |
| Where is your thyroid gland? | on your trachea just below the thyroid cartilage |
| What gland is responsible for the stimulation of secretions from the thyroid gland? | the anterior pituitary gland |
| What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? | Calcitonin, thyroxine T4 and Triiodothyronine T3 |
| What is the function of calcitonin? | Increased osteoblast activity, Retains calcium in the bones, Prevents loss of phosphorus and calcium – inhibits osteoclast activity in response to high serum Ca++ |
| What do T3 and T4 do ? | they bind to the mitochondria of cells to increase the rate of ATP production |
| What is the function of the parathyroid glands? | to monitor and maintain serum calcium levels |
| What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands? | parathyroid hormone |
| What does parathyroid hormone do? | increases serum calcium levels by stimulating osteoClasts (Crushers) and inhibiting osteoBlasts (Builders) so that calcium is released from bone to the serum, promotes absorption of calcium from GI, and decreases renal excretion of calcium |
| What are the blood glucose controlling glands called and where are they located? | Alpha, Beta, and Delta cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas |
| What hormone comes from Alpha cells in the islet of Langerhans and what is the function of that hormone? | Alpha cells produce glucagon to break down stored fat and carbohydrate in response to low blood glucose |
| What hormone comes from the beta cells in the islet of Langerhnas and what is its function? | Insulin is needed by most cells to transport glucose across cell membranes |
| What hormone comes from the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans and what is its function? | somatostatin (body-stasis) inhibits the production of glucagon and insulin |
| Where are the adrenal glands located? | on top of the kidneys |
| What is the function of the hormones of the adrenal medulla? | increase cellular energy use and muscular strength/endurance, and mobilize energy reserves in response to stress |
| What kind of hormones come from the adrenal medulla? | catecholamines, epinephrine (adrenaline ) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
| What are the functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine? | the fight or flight response to stress |
| Name the changes created by the initiation of the fight or flight response or activation of the sympathetic nervous system. | increased heart rate and bp, shunting of blood to vital organs and away from nonessential (digestion/elimination), increased alertness pupil dilation, stored glucose released for increased energy, dilation of bronchioles for increased O2 delivery |
| Name 6 locations with receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine. | cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle fibers, GI tract, vascular smooth muscle, adipose tissue, liver |
| What hormones come from the adrenal cortex? | glucocorticoids (cortisol/hydrocortisone, corticosterone, and cortisone), Minerlocorticoids (aldosterone), and a small amount of androgens |
| What is the job of the glucocorticoids? | to increase rate of glucose sysnthesis, glycogen formation, release of fatty acids, and breakdown of fatty acids, and to exert anti-inflammatory effects to suppress the immune system |
| What is the job of mineralocorticoids? | Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium and thus water |
| Name 9 major endocrine glands. | Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries |
| Which gland connects the nervous system to the endocrine system? | Hypothalamus |
| What affect would decreased serum sodium have on aldosterone secretion in a healthy person? | increase secretion |
| What affect would decreased blood volume have on aldosterone secretion in a healthy person? | increase secretion |
| What affect would hypokalemia have on secretion of aldosterone in a healthy person? | decrease secretion |
| What affect would hyperkalemia have on secretion of aldosterone? | increase secretion |
| Name three triggers for cortisol secretion. | stress, hypoglycemia, ACTH |
| How does cortisol function in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism? | increases blood glucose by promoting glyconeogenesis in the liver, increases blood glucose by decreasing use of glucose in muscle and adipose tissue |
| How does cortisol function in protein metabolism? | stimulates protein catabolism (eat-self) |
| How dose cortisol affect healing? | inhibits immune/inflammatory response, delays wound healing |
| What affect does cortisol have on digestion? | increases appetite and gastric secretions |
| What would happen to ADH secretion in a healthy person if their serum sodium increased? | ADH secretion would increase |
| What would happen to ADH secretion in a healthy person if their blood volume dropped? | ADH secretion would increase |
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