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cardiac output
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nur 101 exam 03
activity and exercise
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| normal hgb | males 14-16 females 12-14 |
| cardiac output | the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction |
| cardiac output = | heart rate x stroke volume average 5L/min range 4-8L/min |
| heart rate | number of beats per minute |
| stroke volume | amount of blood that enters the arteries with each contraction |
| apex | bottom of heart |
| base | top of heart |
| great vessels of the heart | superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta |
| Left lung | two lobes |
| right lung | three lobes |
| low pressure vessels | veins |
| high pressure vessels | arteries |
| The thickest cardiac muscle | left ventricle |
| Conductive pathway "Plan A" | SA Node (sino atrial) located in right atria. electrical impulses cause heart muscle to depolaraize (contract) in the SA Node. 60-100 times/min |
| the pacemaker of the heart | SA Node |
| Conductive pathway "Plan B" | AV Node (atrial ventricular) beats 40-60/min. may not be enough. may feel lightheaded, dizzy. |
| conductive pathway "Plan C" | Bundle of His 20-40 beats/min. not enough. will need pacemaker, meds. |
| P Wave | beginning of heart rate. right and left atrial contraction/depolarization starts here sending blood to ventricles. |
| PR interval | allowing ventricles to fill |
| QRS | ventricle depolarization. ventricles are contracting. |
| T wave | ventricle repolarization/relaxing |
| no reflection | atrial repolarization/relaxation |
| dialostic | repolarization |
| systolic | depolarization/contraction |
| first heart sound | S1 systole. lubb sound |
| second heart sound | S2 diastole. longer than systole. |
| third heart sound | S3 heard in diastole in kids and young adults. use bell. called ventricular gallop |
| fourth heart sound | S4 heard in late diastole/early systole. called atrial gallop |
| S&S of right side heart failure | swelling, edema, distended veins, feet swelling during the day |
| S&S of left side heart failure | SOB, increase resp rate |
| location of aortic valve | right of sternum 2nd ics. |
| location of pulmonic valve | left of sternum 2nd ics |
| location of tricuspid valve | left of sternum 5th ics |
| location of bicuspid(mitral) valve | left of sternum 5th ics, medial to midclavicular line. (apical pulse) |
| oxygenated blood is found here | arteries. flow away from heart. |
| dexoygenated blood is found here | veins. flow back to heart. |
| point of maximal impulse (PMI) | apical pulse. in apex of heart. |
| grading pulses: 0, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+ | non palapable, weak, normal, full, bounding(may indicate heart condition) |
| pulse deficit | diff between apical and radial pulse. |
| JVD Juglar Vein Distention on right side may indicate | CHF. If bulging with head elevated a + finding. |
| vasoconstriction | vessels getting smaller. b/p increases |
| vasodilation | vessels getting bigger. b/p decreases |
| innervates heart through vagus nerve. supplies sa node, atrial muscle fibers, and av node. causes heart rate to slow down | parasympathetic |
| fight or flight. supplies all areas of atria and ventricles. causes heart to speed up. | sympathetic |
| located in walls of carotid sinus and aortic arch. detects b/p changes | baroreceptors(pressorreceptors) |
| angina | decreased o2 to heart |
| pericarditis | heart sac inflamation |
| activity tolerance classification. | class I, class II, class III, class IV |
| class I | has heart disease. asymptomatic |
| class II | slight limitations. no distress at rest. |
| class III | significant limitation. no distress at rest but low intensity activity causes palpations,sob, etc. |
| class IV | symptoms at rest. any activity aggravates symptoms. |
| pulmonic chest pain | pleuritic pain. sharp knife-like. related to lungs. |
| claudication | intermittent sharp cramping in legs after activity. ischemia, atherosclerosis |
| fatigue | low energy levels |
| weakness | decreased muscular strength |
| SOB | shortness of breath. dyspnea. can be cardiac, psychogenic, respiratory |
| self care abilities | 0, I, II, III, IV |
| self care 0 | pt can do everything for self |
| self care I | pt needs help with equipment ie walker, cane... |
| self care II | pt needs help of one person |
| self care III | pt needs help of one person and equipment. |
| self care IV | totally dependent on others. |
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