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GRCC 121 cell metabo

GRCC 121 cell metabolism Exam 2

QuestionAnswer
The totall of all chemical reactions within a cell metabolism
The process that releases energy from molecules Respiration
e.g. of respiration glycolosis and ATP
States of energy Kinetic & potential
energy performing work; energy in action Kinetic
energy that is stored and has future work potential due to chemistry or location. Potential
e.g. potential fat ball @ top of stairs; gas in car
e.g. kinetic Rollercoaster in motion; start car
Gas in the car vs starting the car Gas is the potential energy; starting the car is kinetic energy
The study of energy transfer Thermodynamics.
Energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be transformed 1- Law of thermodynamics.
e.g. law of thermodynamics lighting a match
When energy is transformed, some energy is lost as heat (entropy) 2 - law of thermodynamics
entropy Energy lost to heat
Chemical reactions in cell metabolism: Endergonic Net input of energy into reacion; energy being stored
Production of fat molecules and photosynthesis e.g. of endergonic
chemical reactions in cell metabolism: exergonic Release of energy from reaction.
Cell respiration is the breaking down of glucose e.g. of exergonic
e.g. of exergonic Burning wood - wood gets its nutrients from photosynthesis from the sun, and is made of solid glucose- when burned, the glucose energy is released.
Initiating Chemical Reactions: Energy of Activation (Ea) the amount of energy required to initiate a reactions.
One single match catch start a full size log on fire...the amount of flame needs to equal the size of the log you are trying to burn e.g. of Energy of Activation
Initiating Chemical Reactions: Enzymes Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
How does an enzyme speed up chemical reaction? by lowering the Energy of Activation required
without becoming a part of the reaction How does an enzyme speed up chemical reaction?
Enzyme dynamics Can break or build molecules via dehydration synthesis and hydrolosys
Enzyme Dynamics include: Substrate, active sites, metabolic pathways (enzyme cascades), Enzyme activation.
Enzyme Dynamics: Substrate The substance upon which the enzyme acts.
lactase enzyme that splits lactose e.g. of a substrate
how are enzymes named? after their substrate and ending in "-ase"
proteinase protein splitting enzyme
lipase lipids splitting enzyme
lactase lactose splitting enzyme
Enzyme dynamics: Active site Region of the enzyme that bonds with the substrate.
Substrate shape must match the shape of ________ to work? Active sites
Enzyme dynamics: Metabolic pathways (enzyme cascades) A series of enzyme-controlled chemical reaction that produces a product.
If an enzyme is missing, then the product is not going to work Illustrates how metabolic pathway works if the series of enzymes is altered.
Each enzyme works differently in a series, if one is missing in the series, what might happen to this metabolic pathway? The product will not be produced due to the missing enzyme.
Enzyme dynamics: Enzyme activation are enzymes that may require activation by? Cofactors and coenzymes
Co factors Ion (inorganic) that assist an enzyme; non protein component
Browning banana- changing the tertiary structure activates enzyme catacholase + Fe Polyphenol is an anti-fungal that causes the brown coloration of a banana
co enzymes organic molecule that assists enzymes
This is usually composed of vitamins Coenzymes
Enzymes that are inactive until this non protein component is introduced Co factor
Inorganic molecule What type of molecule is a cofactor?
Organic molecule What type of molecule is a coenzyme?
The CAUSE of Inborn erros of metabolism INHERITED mutations that affect metabolic pathways.
The RESULT of Inborn errors of metabolism Substrates build up and products are SCARCE or NON-EXISTENT
Factors that affect enzyme activity Temp, radiation, electricity, pH, Salt, inhibitors.
Factors that affect enzyme activity: TEMP As temp Increases, enzyme action increases to a point.
Temp increases to a point, until the protein denatures is referred to as A fever
Factors that affect enzyme activity: RADIATION Consequences on hydrogen bonds - H bonds break causing enzyme to denature
How does Radiation causes the collapse of metabolic pathway? H bonds break and enzymes denature.
Factors that affect enzyme activity: Electricity Destroys enzymes and can take up to 72 hours for person to die.
Factors that affect enzyme activity: pH Adding lemon juice to guacamole lowers the pH, increases the acidity; less h bonds denaturing enzyme prevents browning
Factors that affect enzyme activity: salt enzyme that can denature protein
Factors that affect enzyme activity: Inhibitors Chemicals that interferes with enzyme activity sites.
cyanide denatures respiratory enzymes e.g. inhibitor which affects enzyme activity
Enzyme Inhibitors A lot of pharmacy drugs are created based on this action.
types of enzyme inhibitors competitive and noncompetitive
Enzyme inhibitor: competitive Mimics the substrate and completes the active site
Enzyme inhibitor: Noncompetitive binds to the enzyme away from the active site, but alters the conforming to the enzyme
Goal of noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor The active site is no longer fully functional.
Goal of competitive enzyme inhibitor Competes with substrate by attaching to active site, prevents or inhibits enzyme it doing the action
e.g. of enzyme inhibitors: penicillion inhibits enzyme that produces cellwalls in bacteria.
Result of inherited mutation: Phenylketonuria (PKU) The cause is an absence or deficiency of the enzyme that processes the amino acid phenylalanine
Substrates are activated by enzymes & if there is lack of enzyme, substrate will not turn on leading to deficiency What are inborn errors of metabolism-
Created by: Wends1984
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