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Pharmacology Ch 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| formation of a clot; may form in any vessel, artery, or vein | thrombosis |
| thrombosis that most often occurs in lower extremities | venous thrombosis (DVT occurs in the lower extremeties and is the most common type of venous thrombosis) |
| drugs used to prevent the formation and extension of a thrombus; have no effect on an existing thrombus; prevent additional clots from forming; used prophylactically in high-risk patients | anticoagulants |
| oral anticoagulant most often prescribed; given orally or parenterally; drug of choice for long-term therapy; interferes with the manufacture of vitamin K | warfarin (Coumadin) |
| Uses of warfarin (Coumadin) | prevent and treat DVT; prevent and treat atrial fibrillation with embolism; prevent and treat PE; part of treatment of MI |
| adverse effects of warfarin (Coumadin) | bleeding (mild to severe); n/v; alopecia; urticaria; abdominal cramping; diarrhea, rash; hepatitis; jaundice; blood dyscrasias |
| Tests used to monitor warfarin (Coumadin) therapy: | prothrombin time (PT) and INR |
| Notify the primary health care provider if the test values exceed: | PT: 1 1/2 - 2 1/2 times the control value INR: 2 1/2 - 3 1/2 times the control value |
| inhibits formation of fibrin clots, inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, and inactivates several of the factors necessary for the clotting of blood; cannot be taken orally; HAS NO EFFECT ON CLOTS ALREADY FORMED | Heparin |
| prevention/treatment of venous thrombosis, PE, arterial embolism; atrial fibrillation with embolus formation; prevents post-op DVT and PE; prevent clotting in the arterial and heart surgery, in blood transfusions, and dialysis | heparin |
| Prevent a repeat cerebral thrombosis; tratment of coronary occlusion, MI, and peripheral arterial embolism; prevent clotting in extracorporeal circulation; used for diagnosis and treatment of DIC (diseminated intravascular coagulation) | heparin |
| inhibits clotting reactions by binding to antithrombin III, which inhibits the synthesis of factor Xa and thrombin formation; used to prevent DVT after certain surgical procedures and ischemic complication of unstable angina | low-molecular-weight heparins (enoxaprin - Lovenox); fractionated heparins |
| cannot be given orally, only given parenterally (in the love handles) | Lovenox |
| adverse effects of low-molecular-weight heparin: | hemorrhage ranging from minor to major; thrombocytopenia (platelet count is too low); easy bruising, petechiae; fever, chills, urticaria; asthma-like reaction, anaphylactic reaction |
| heparin antagonist to reverse the effects of heparin (antidote to heparin) | Protamine Sulfate |
| adverse reactions to Protamine Sulfate: | bradycardia, dyspnea, lassitude (tiredness), sudden drop in BP, transistory flushing or feelings of warmth |
| break down existing thrombus (have clot that needs to be dissolved), fibronlytics | thrombolytics |
| uses of thrombolytics: | acute MI, massive PE, thrombotic strokes, DVT, ateriovenous cannula occlusion |
| adverse effects of thrombolytics: | hemorrhage, anemia (can go too far in the opposite direction) |
| Thrombolytics have a specific: | time frame |
| inhibit platelet aggregation - preventative | antiplatelets |
| antiplatelet that lowers risk of MI, TIA, and CVA | acetylsylic acid (ASA or aspirin) |
| antiplatelet used in prevention of CVA | ticlopine (Triclid) |
| antiplatelet used in prevention of thromboembolism | dipyridamole (Persantine) |
| antiplatelet used in prevention of MI, CVA, and vascular death | clopidrogel (Plavix) - can cause headaches, used more and more frequently |
| adverse effects of antiplatelets: | rash, petechiae, burising, N/V, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, anorexia, flatulence |
| antidote for Coumadin: | vitamin K |
| antidote for Heparin: | Protamine sulfate |
| PT and INR tests are always done: | together |
Created by:
akgalyean
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