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peds II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| category of cardiac disorders in children | congenital heart disease which are anatomic abnormalities present at birth,(abnormal cardiac function) |
| category of cardiac disorders in children | acquired heart disease that occurs after birth. |
| how do you assess for cardiac disorder | 1.accurate history, 2.include details about the mother's pregnancy and birth history |
| what are the physical assessment of cardiac disorders | 1. inspect nutritional state, 2.color, 3.chest deformities, 4.unusual pulses, 5.respiratory status, 6.clubbing of fingers |
| what are the physical assessment of cardiac disorders | 1.palpate, and percuss chest,abdomen and peripheral pulses, 2.note rate, murmurs and additional heart sounds, 3.heart rate and rhythm and note the character of the heart sounds. |
| what are the diagnostic evaluations of cardiac disorders in order | ecg=noninvasive, cardiac catheterization=most invasive |
| pre-procedural considerations for cardiac disorders | complete assessment, child must be npo, make sure the child has IV access |
| what is in the complete assessment of preprocedural care of cardiac disorders | height/weight, V.S, pedal pulses, pt-family teaching, sed/meds as ordered |
| post-procedural considerations for cardiac disorders | observe for complications, if bleeding apply direct pressure to site, bedrest 4-6hrs |
| what observations are made during postprocedural care of cardiac disorders | pedal pulses, temp&color, V.S, observe dressing, fluid intake, hypoglycemia |
| what is cardiac catheterization | a radiopaque catheter that is passed through the femoral artery directly into the heart and large vessels |
| congenital heart disease pathophysiology | heart defect or open pathway that produces signs and symptoms indicating anatomical heart defect. |
| congenital heart disease pathophysiology | may be used by genetic or maternal environmental factors |
| genetic or maternal environment factors of cong/heart/defect | intrauterine rubella, maternal alcoholism, diabetes, advance maternal age(>35), maternal drug |
| congenital heart disease | low O2 levels in the blood that causes the lips, fingers and toes to be cyanotic |
| genetic or maternal environment factors of cong/heart/defect | environmental toxins/infections,sibling or parental history, down syndrome, trisome 21,13&18, turner syndrome) |
| occurs in 8 out of 1000 births and... | 50% show s/s in first 24mo of life but may not manifest until later |
| congenital heart disease | principle cause of death during the first year of life. |
| cong/heart/dis invasive test | ABG, flouroscopy, angiography, cardia, catherization |
| cong/heart/disease non-invasive test | cardiac MRI, echocardiogram |
| congenital heart disease clinical manifestations | cyanosis, pallor, cardiomegaly, pericardial rubs, murmurs, additonal S3/S4, discrepancies between apical/radial pulses, tachypnea |
| congenital heart disease clinical manifestations | dyspnea, grunting, digital clubbing, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, discrepancies between upper/lower extremity bp's, crackles and wheezing. |
| congenital heart disease treatment | median, sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass, card/pul banding, prophylactic antibiotics, fol-up care. |
| when taking a history for cong/heart/disease, you should pay special attention to | +/- sudden weight changes,poor eating habits,frequent resp/inf,exercise intolerance, |
| when taking a history for cong/heart/disease, you should pay special attention to | whether the child would rather sit than crawl/walk, frequent rest after play time |
| prepare child/family for and assist with | cardiac catheterizations,EKG,x-ray, lab studies,meds, nutrition needs,preventing infections |
| educate family about disorder and methods of treatment by, | family knowledge of diagnosis, physicians orders,written info on meds/treatment, listening, family participation, emotional support |
| how can you help parents and child to adjust to cong/heart/disease disorder | allowing grief time,simplify/repeat info,foster parent/baby attachment, support from other similar families |
| the LPN helps parents with the effects of cong/heart/disease disorder when anticipate needs to minimize crying, | during dyspneic/cyanotic spells, teach family s/s of c.h.f digoxin toxicity,vomiting,bradycardia |
| the LPN helps parents with the effects of cong/heart/disease disorder with s/s of dysrhythmias, increased repiratory effort, | hypoxemia, cerebral thrombosis, cardiovascular collapse, prep activities for growth/development, need for res. |
| what is pulmonary banding? | a thoractomy-reduces volume/pressure of pulmonary blood flow, relieving s/s of c.h.f, preventing pul/vasc/disease |
| why would you want to minimize crying? | because it can be too tiring for the child and may cause cyanosis due to exhaustion |
| an atrial septal defect is | a hole between the two atria |
| Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) | an abnormal opening between the atria, allowing blood from the L higher pressure>R lower pressure atrium |
| what are the 3 types of Atrial Septal defects | Ostium primum(ASD1), Ostium secundum(ASD2), Sinus venosus defect |
| Ostium primum(ASD1) | Opening at lower end of septum, may be associated with mitral valve abnormalities |
| Ostium secundum(ASD2) | Opening near center of septum |
| sinus venosus defect | opening near junction of superior vena cava and R-atrium, associated with partial anomalous pul/venosus connection |
| ASD pathophysiology 1 | at birth, pressure in L-atrium exceeds the in the R-atrium, causing blood to flow Left-Right. |
| ASD pathophysiology 2 | O2 blood is forced from the left atrium L-high pressure>R-low pressure which recirculates through the lungs |
| ASD manifestations | May be asymptomatic, systolic murmur heard in L-intercostal space, pulmonary congestion. |
| ASD surgical treatment | Dacron patch-moderate to large defects, median sternotomy(open repair)-cardiopulmonary bypass b4 schoolage |
| ASD nonsurgical treatment | ASD2 may also be closed during cardiac catheterization, @ some centers, still in clinical trials |
| what is the expected outcome of ASD | Prognosis: excellent,<1% mortality continued follow-up necessary |
| ventricular septal defect(VSD) is | an abnormal opening in the wall between the two ventricals, varies between pinhole to complete absence of the septum |
| ventricular septal defect(VSD) pathophysiology | blood flows from L-higher>R-lower pressure ventricle(unoxygenated blood) |
| ventricular septal defect(VSD) manifestation | usually asymptomatic at birth, murmur with thrills, poor feeding, cyanosis(late sign due to shunt) Pulmonary condestion. |
| ventricular septal defect(VSD) treatment 1 | 20-60% of all VSD close in first 24mo of life, pulmonary artery banding 4 symptomatic to equalize shunting until surgery |
| ventricular septal defect(VSD) treatment 2 (surgical) | same as ASD-median sternotomy w/cardiopulmonary bypass, and Dacron. |
| ventricular septal defect(VSD) 3 treatment (nonsurgical) | Same as ASD-closed during cardiac catheterization, still in clinical trials |
| ventricular septal defect(VSD) treatment (medical) | prophylactic antibiotics to prevent bacterial endocarditis. |
| ventricular septal defect(VSD) outcome with treatments | prognosis: excellent, <5% mortality follow-up is necessary |
| patent ductus arteriosus is defined as: | failure of fetal ductus arteriosus to completely close withing first few weeks after birth. |
| patent ductus arteriosus pathophysiology 1 | blood from aorta(high pressure) is forced into pulmonary arter(lower pressure) to be re-O2 in lungs and returned to left atrium and ventricle |
| patent ductus arteriosus pathophysiology 2 | increases workload on left side of heart due to increase pulmonary blood flow |
| patent ductus arteriosus pathophysiology 3 | PDA may be lifesaving in neonates with cyanotic heart disease and provide the only source of pulmonary blood flow in infants |
| patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) manifestations 1 | asymptomatic in infancy, continuous "machinelike" murmur in left second intercostal space |
| patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) manifestations 2 | full bounding pulse due to runoff of aortic blood flow into pulmonary arter, dyspnea w/age, |
| patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) manifestations 3 | wide range between systolic and diastolic b/p, hypoxia, |
| patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) treatment (medical) | indomethacin (indocin) closes patent ductus in newborns and premature infants |
| patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) surgical 1 | left thoracotomy-duct ligated or divided |
| patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) 2 | (VATS) 3 small holes in chest left side, then thorascope and instruments are used to place clip on ductus arteriosus. |
| (VATS) | Visual-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery |
| which defects may be necessary to sustain life in neonates w/cyanotic heart defect | patent ductus arteriosus |
| COA | coarctation of the aorta |
| coarctation of the aorta (COA) is defined as | constriction or narrowing of aortic arch or descending aorta |
| coarctation of the aorta (COA) pathophysiology | increased pressure proximal to defect, decreased pressure distal to defect |
| coarctation of the aorta (COA) manifestations | b/p 20mmHg higher in arms than in legs, bounding pulses in upper extremeties, s/s of heart failure, leg cramp on exertion in older children, epistaxis(nosebleeds) |
| coarctation of the aorta (COA) treatment (surgical) | anastomosis, graft replacement of narrowed section of aorta, closed heart surgery due to structures are outside of heart, aorta will grow but graft will not. |
| coarctation of the aorta (COA) treatment (nonsurgical) | balloon angioplasty, balloon relieves restonosis obstruction after surgery for coarctation |
| coarctation of the aorta (COA) post-op abservations 1 | hypertension, ABD pain with n/v. leukocytosis, gastrointestinal bleeding or obstruction |
| coarctation of the aorta (COA) post-op observations 2 | administer medications per orders. perform nasogastric tube decompression. |
| coarctation of the aorta (COA) post-op outcome | prognosis: <5% mortality with isolated COA. |
| what is the treatment for coarctation of the aorta? | surgical repair |
| what are the defects of the tetralogy of fallot? | vintricularseptaldefect, pulmonic stenosis,overriding(dextrapostion-to the right) aorta,R-ventricle hypertrophy, |
| what is tetralogy of fallot? | four abnormalities that results in insufficiently oxygenated blood pumped to the body |
| what is tetralogy of fallot pathophysiology | pulm/artery stenosis, aortic dextraposition, pulmonary artery-obstruction decreases flow to the lungs, VSD |
| tetralogy of fallot manifestations 1 | clubbing/poor growth, cyanosis w/age, feeding problem, growth retardation,frequent resp. infect, |
| tetralogy of fallot manifestation 2 | dyspnea on exertion, polycythemia, paroxysmal hyper cyanotic episodes "tet" in 1st 48mo of life |
| tetralogy of fallot treatment (surgical) | blalock-taussig procedure, corrective surgery for all defects performed on older children with good results |
| tetralogy of fallot (medical) | IV prostaglandin E1 therapy |
| how many defects are there in tetralogy of fallot? | four |
| hypoplastic left heart syndrome | underdevelopment of the left side of the heart, resulting in an absent or nonfunctional ventricle and hypoplasia of the ascending aorta. |
| Swallowing | automatic reflex action up to 3 months, by 6 months they can swallow, spit at will, or hold food in mouth |
| Stomach | Small in infant, fast emptying time, round until 2 years, elongates up to age 7 when it becomes more like adult stomach. |
| newborn stool | meconium-thick greenish-black, sterile, should be passed within first 48 hours, if not could be sign of GI issue |
| neonate stool | frequently yellow, but depends on what they eat |
| Salivary Glands | developed over first 2 years, newborn has very little saliva |
| Components of History for GI assessment | Diet history, Feeding patterns, vomiting, Stool/voiding patterns, any other symptoms that are concerns to parent. |
| Common signs and symptoms of GI disorder in children | vomiting or abdominal pain, FTT, or stool changes- color, order, frequency, consistency., Fever, hematemsis, sip up, bowel sounds. |
| Vital signs of Dehydration | Temp goes up HR goes up or down- depending on electrolyte, fluid volume, activity level RR goes up BP drops- but not reliable indicator in small infants |
| Sings and symptoms of dehydration in small child | activity level- listless, apathetic, or less reactive sunken eyes sunken fontanels Tenting skin Pale cool skin Dry mucous membranes Poor cap refill decrease urine output weight lost |
| signs of severe dehydration- less than 9% body weight | bradycardia in most severe cases, Tears absent, minimal urine output, deeply sunken eyes |
| Management of Advanced Dehydration | IV fluids STAT- normal saline or LR, 10-20 cc per Kg until vitals stabilize. DO NOT OVER HYDRATE Oral Replacement therapy- NGT helpful to replace continuous small volumes |
| Gastroenteritis | Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, or abd pain. 70-80% viral, by the age of 3 they have had 1-2 episodes per year. need alot of guidence to make sure child doesnt dehydrate. |
| What can be used for oral rehydration for mild to moderate dyhydration | Pedialyte |
| what can be used in 3rd world country to rehydrate a child? | liter of water 1/2 teaspoon of salt 8 teaspoons of sugar |
| would you use anti-diarrheal medications like immodium for a child? | NO NEVER GIVE A CHILD THESE MEDICATIONS- THEY ARE TOXIC AND VERY DANGEROUS FOR CHILDREN |
| Acute Diarrhea | Change in bowel habits characterized by increases stool volume, looseness, and frequency. Mostly spread by fecal oral route, Progresses to dehydration- infants especially at risk |
| rotavirus | virus that causes 80% of acute diarrhea most common reason for hospital children w/ diarrhea |
| 5 causes of acute diarrhea | 1. virus 2. Bacterial 3. Drug induced-laxatives & antibiotics 4. foods- apple juice 5. malnourished or immunocompromised |
| Stomatits | chronic inflammation of the oral mucosal tissue w/ ulcers, benign but painful |
| aphthous stomatitis | painful small whitish ulcerations surrounded bu a red border, benign, health adjacent tissue, absence of vesicles or other systematic illness |
| Herpetic stomatitis | fever blisters, associated w/ herpes type 1- not the one associated with STDs, brought on by stress, infection, exposure to sunlight, ect |
| Ger | transfer of gastric contents in the esophogus,(infants/children especially prone) |
| GERD positioning | not supine, Prone (on tummy) for 1-2 hours after eating to improve gastric emptying, decrease aspiration. Also can use wedge pillow. NO SWINGS OR SEATS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
| Obstructive Disorders | Hirschsprung's disease Intussusception Malrotation of the colon |
| Hirschprung's Disease | Absence of ganglion cells= lack of ability to relax, increased intestinal tone creates narrowing which causes impaction. Inherited disease, most common in males, and is cause of 1/4 of neonatal intestinal obstruction. |
| Signs and symptoms of Hirschsprung's Disease | Constipation often not passing meconium in first 48 hrs BILIOUS VOMITING foul smelling ribbon like stool |
| Treatment of Hirschsprung disease | Fluid and electrolyte balance restored then two part surgery- 1st colostomy, then when child is at least 20 lbs the second stage can be completed |
| Intussusception | telescoping of bowel most frequent cause of obstruction 3 months -3 years |
| Intussusception signs and symptoms | Sudden onset of colicky pain, flexing of legs, and screaming in normally healthy child Bilious vomiting Jelly like stool sausage shaped abdominal mass |
| Intussusception Treatment | traditionally barium enema used for diagnosis and treatment, rapid flush pushes intestine back into place. |
| Pyloric Stenosis | Hypertrophy of Pyloric sphincter= stomach doesn't empty More in males and Caucasians not congenital |
| Pyloric stenosis symptoms | Vigorous, NON-BILIOUS projectile vomiting right after feeding hungry after feeding weight loss constipation and dehydration Palpable "olive" like structure |
| Pyloric Stenosis Treatment | surgery after rehydration feeding 4-6 hours post op- small frequent meals excellent prognosis and low mortality |
| Hernia | Abnormal protrusion of abdominal tissue/structures |
| Umbilical Hernia | herniation thru umbilical ring common in infancy- up to 60% in AA reassure parents that this defect is not harmful and usually resolves itself, they dont need to put pressure on hernation to attempt to push it back in |
| Inguinal Hernia | Herniation process thru vaginalis- inguinal canal 80% of all hernia Most common in childhood Hydrocele and prematurity increase risk |
| Inguinal Hernia | only problem if loop of intestine becomes partially obstructed cause ischemia to bowel and infarct |
| Appendicitis | Acute inflammation of the appendix obstruction of lumen by feces, parasites, foreign body... most common cause of ped abdominal surgery most common cause of surgical emergency in childhood- if rupture |
| Appendicitis signs and symptoms | Mc Burneys point wakes at night child doesn't want to ambulate changes in bowel pattern N & V low grade fever |
| symptoms of rupture | pain rapidly improves and then increases in pain rigid guarding of abdomen Tachy, chill, pallor, irritability |
| Celiac disease | autoimmune Gluten sensitive enteropathy causes lesions on GI wall and reduce absorptive surface area Treat with gluten free diet |
| Encopresis | constipation with fecal soiling |
| Obstipation | long intervals between stools |
| constipation | alteration in the frequenc, consistency, or ease of passing stool |
| Congenital heart disease | an abnormality or anomaly of the heart, present at birth |
| CHD Environmental factors include.... | maternal alcoholism, intrauterine rubella exposure, diabetes mellitus, advance maternal age, maternal drug ingestion |
| CHD Genetic risk factors include... | Sibling or parent with CHD, chromosomal anomalies |
| CHD Types of defects | Cyanotic and Acyanotic |
| CHD 4 physical characteristics | Increased and decreased pulmonary blood flow, obstruction to systemic blood flow, and mixed blood flow |
| CHD Signs and symptoms | Cyanosis, pallor, cardiomegaly, pericardial rubs, murmurs, grunting, dyspnea, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, wheezing and crackles, discrepancies between upper and lower extremity blood pressures |
| PDA | Patent ductus arteriosus |
| ASD | Atrial septal defect |
| VSD | Ventricular septal defect |
| PDA | Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close within the first weeks of life |
| PDA S&S | Signs of heart failure, widened pulse pressure, bounding pulse, Murmur at upper left sternal; Small PDA are asymptomatic |
| PDA Treatment | Indomethacin: closing the ductus arteriosus, Surgery: ligating them through a thoractomy incision |
| ASD | abnormal opening in the atrial septum |
| ASD S&S | Children asymptomic; R. atrium is enlarged, loud harsh systolic murmurs |
| ASD Treatment | Surgery: open heart surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass; Small defect: Purse string suturing; Moderate to large: Dacron patch |
| VSD | abnormal opening in the interventricular septum |
| VSD S&S | Children are symptomatic; Signs of heart failure, loud harsh systolic murmur, palpable thrill |
| VSD Treatment | 50% closes spontaneously; Palliative procedure: pulmonary artery banding; Open heart surgery wih bypass |
| Tetralogy of Fallot's four defects | Pulmonary stenosis, Ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy |
| Tetralogy S&S | Cyanotic at birth, hypoxia, dyspnea, squatting, poor growth, mental slowness, syncope, cerebrovascular disease, clubbing of he nailbeds, systolic ejection murmur |
| Tetralogy Treatment | Palliative procedure for infants (Blalock Taussig shunt); Surgery: close VSD, pulmonic valvotomy, repair overriding aorta |
| Blalock Taussig shunt | redirects blood flow back to the lungs to allow for oxygenation - artificial connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta |
| Mixed defects | Mixing oxygenated blood with unoxygenated blood in the heart or great vessels |
| Transposition of great vessels | The two major vessels that carry blood away from the heart -- the aorta and the pulmonary artery -- are switched (transposed). |
| Transposition of great vessels S&S | HF, Severe cyanosis, Cardiomegaly, Murmur |
| Transposition of great vessels Treatment | Palliative treatment to provide mixing; Enlarging a present ASD, or creating one, placing balloon catheter through atrial septum; Open heart surgery, switching the great vessels to proper position |
| COA | coarctation of the aorta |
| COA | Narrowing of the lumen of the aorta |
| COA S&S | Increased BP: 20mmHG higher in arms than legs; Headaches, vertigo, leg pain, epistaxis |
| COA Treatment | End to End Anastomosis, Graft replacement if narrowing is extensive |
| Pulmonary Stenosis | Narrowing of the pulmonary valve or artery |
| Pulmonary Stenosis S&S | R. ventricular enlargement, exercise intolerance, cyanosis with severe narrowing |
| Aortic Stenosis | Narrowing at, above, or below the aortic valve |
| Aortic Stenosis S&S | L. ventricular enlargement, chest pain, exercise intolerance, weak pulses, hypotension, dizziness, syncope |
| which children disorders make children prone to GER | Premature infants, Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia tracheoesophageal/esophageal atresia repair/neurologic disorders/cystic fibrosis /cerebral palsy. |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Diagnostic Evaluation | An upper GI series. Esophageal pH monitoring. Based on clinical manifestations |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux clinical manifestations | Spitting up/regurgitation, vomiting/Excessive crying/irritability/arching of the back/Weight loss or failure to thrive/Respiratory problems/Heartburn/abdominal pain. Dysphagia/Esophagitis |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Nursing Considerations | Identifying symptoms/Educate parents/care for the child undergoing surgery. Teaching that caffeine, chocolate, and spicy foods aggravate symptoms/Weight management. |
| Which position is recommended for a child with GER? | The upright prone position. |
| When teaching an adolescent about GER, how do they need to adapt their diets? | They need to avoid caffeine, chocolate and spicy foods because they may aggravate their symptoms. |
| Appendicitis Pathophysiology | Inflammation of the appendix. Appendix may become gangrenous or rupture (peritinitis)/Average age is 10 years |
| Appendicitis Manifestations | Periumbilical pain initially then localized to right lower quadrant. Vomiting occurs after peri- umbilical pain/Infrequent mucus diarrhea/McBurney’s point. Guarding/Rebound tenderness. Pain on lifting the thigh while supine/Elevated WBC/Ultrasound/CT s |
| Appendicitis Treatment & Nursing Care | Use pain perception scales and observe behavior. Prepare child and family for procedures and preoperative teaching. |
| Appendicitis Postoperative goals include | Pain management. Prevention of infection. Early ambulation. |
| What tests may show an enlarged appendix? | Ultrasound or CT |
| Meckel’s Diverticulum Pathophysiology | A small blind pouch near the ileocecal valve fails to disappear completely and may be connected to the umbilicus by a cord. |
| Meckel’s Diverticulum Pathophysiology | A fistula may form/Susceptible to inflammation/More common in boys. The most common congenital/ malformation of the GI tract. |
| Meckel’s Diverticulum Manifestations | Symptoms before 2 years. Painless bright red or dark red bleeding/Abdominal pain/ Barium enema for diagnosis. |
| Meckel’s Diverticulum treatment | diverticulum removed and repaired |
| Symptoms for Meckel's diverticulum usually appear at what age? | Before 2 years old. |
| Crohn's Disease | Is a chronic inflammation that involves all layers of the bowel wall |
| Crohn's Disease Manifestations | Abdominal pain/Weight loss/Fever. Anorexia/Rectal bleeding/Anal fistulas |
| Crohn's Disease Diagnostic Evaluation | Lab tests/Stool studies/GI series. |
| Crohn’s Disease Therapeutic Management | Control the inflammation/Obtain long-term remission/Promote normal growth and development/Normal lifestyle. |
| Meds to control Crohn’s Disease | Corticosteroids/Sulfasalazine. Antibiotics to treat complications and fight bacteria. |
| Crohn’s Disease Therapeutic Management | Well-balanced/high-protein/high-calorie diet/Enteral formulas/TPN. |
| Crohn’s Disease Therapeutic Management | Surgery: Intestinal resections |
| Crohn’s Disease Nursing Considerations | Help maintain appropriate nutrition/Educate child and family on medication regimes/Support family and child. |
| : What type of diet should be encouraged for the child with Crohn’s disease? | A well balanced, high-protein, high-calorie diet. |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease is described as | gastric/duodenal/primary/secondary/ideopathic |
| gastric/duodenal/primary/secondary ulcers | mucosa/pylorus-duodenum/children >6 years old/children <6mo |
| Skin Lesions | Result from causes such as:Contact with injurious agents/Hereditary factors/External factors/Systemic diseases. |
| Skin of Younger Children | epidermis is thinner and blisters easily. |
| Remember | age when considering etiology of skin manifestations. |
| Skin Lesions Pathophysiology | Acute responses create edema, vesicles and vascular dilation which leads to lesions. |
| Skin lesions Based on symptoms: | Pruritis/Pain or tenderness. Burning or stinging/Alterations in sensation/Increased sensation. Decreased sensation. |
| Skin Lesions Diagnostic Evaluation | Ascertain: When the lesion appeared/Whether it occurred with food or other substances/Whether it is related to activity. |
| Skin Lesions Diagnostic Evaluation | Objective findings: Distribution/ Size and morphology/Arrangement |
| If a skin problem is related to a systemic disease, | laboratory studies are performed to identify that causative factor. |
| Classified as: Acute/Chronic/ Surgical or non-surgical/Burns | wounds |
| Superficial. Partial-thickness. Full-thickness. | burns |
| Abrasions are the most common. Superficial and usually result in rapid, uneventful healing and recovery. | epidermal injuries |
| Injury to deeper tissues involves | permanent cells which are unable to regenerate. |
| Factors that influence healing | The best environment depending on the wound=Moist vs dry. things will delay=Antiseptics. |
| What are the common symptoms of skin lesions? | pruritis that varies in intensity is the most common, pain or tenderness, burning or stinging and alterations in sensation. |
Created by:
SGT.MOSS
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