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Early Civilizations
INTA 2040 - Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mesopotamia | 5000 BCE; Sumerans; City characteristics; dominated by temples to patron gods; constant warfare and shifting alliances |
| First City-States | Emerged between 4000-3000 BCE; larger than neolithic settlements; displayed evidence of economic specialization and strong political organization; included urban center and countryside; independent political unit |
| Ziggurat | Mesopotamic temple to patron god |
| Lugals | kings of city-states; clan leaders |
| Mesopotamic Priests | did not work; lived off rent to farmers |
| Slavery in Mesopotamia | initially, enslaved for debts, but demand for slaves rose as civilization progressed. *LIFE WAS NOT EQUAL FOR EVERYONE* |
| Emirates | conquered Babylonian Empire, who became the most wealthy civilization |
| Hamurabi's Code | ideology and law; misharum = equality; anduranum = freedom; represented ruling class realization that they cannot over-exploit the lower classes whilst maintaining stability |
| Characteristics of Complex Societies | dense populations, food surplus, social classes, state and religious organization, monumental architecture (temples), writing system for recording surplus, exact and predictive science, fine arts, trade, taxation |
| Social Classes in Complex Societies | ruling class of religions, civil, and military leaders; specialized division of labor |
| State and Religious Organization of Complex Societies | ruling class; institutionalized form of political organization; solidarity, maintained by ideological device by which social order was justified |
| Irrigation Theory | theory that bureaucracies arose based on ownership of irrigation; oriental despotism; hydraulic societies; more efficient with large, central management; monopoly on water led to city-states; contrasted with temperate climates |
| Criticism of Irrigation Theory | small-scale irrigation equally is efficient; not prevalent prior to rise of the city-state |
| Circumscription Theory | constrains of envirionment interact with population pressures and warfare, leading to states; emphasizes population growth and pressure; limited area because of geographic bounds; military conflicts led to losers being assimilated into lower class |
| Theories of Rise in City-States | irrigation theory, circumscription theory, BASED ON TECHNOLOGY |
| Nation-States | primary unit of political organization; Treaty of Westphalia established |
| State | sovereign government within established territory |
| Nation | a community of people who identify with another because of shared attitudes |
| Near East Technology (in the Fertile Crescent) | cuneiform writing; wheel and wagon; sundial (time); calendar; beer and soap; poetry; geometry |
| Emerging of Writing | occured because of increased complexity of transactions; originally described physical, then non-physical, then phonetic concepts |
| Pictograph | direct image of an object it represents |
| Ideograph | represents ideas linked to an object |
| Phonograph | stands for sound of words |
| Logograph | represents both meaning and sound |
| Syllabic | efficiently used for languages in which words can be phonologically represented by relatively few syllables, and in which there are no underlying consonant clusters |
| Consonantal Alphabet | only consonants are symbolic |
| Mixed Script | mixture of logograms and phonograms |
| Cuneiform | used for 300 years; business transactions and legal codes; high value of literacy; first systems of formal educations; deciphered in 1835 by Henry Rowlinson |
| Early Math | emerged as a response to need for storing food and irrigation; units of 60 and 10 |
| Gains and Losses in Knowledge | decrease in number of languages; decrease in translations to and from other languages; increased proportion of English speakers; increased proportion of readers to writers led to creators to the consumers |
| Heroic Genius | technological improvement comes disproportionally from single individuals; dismissed by Diamond |
| Factors of Acceptability | qualitative economic advantage (i.e. wheels not for transport in Mexico); social value and prestige (i.e. brand power); compatibility with invested interests with powerful allies or large amount of people; ease w/ which advantage is observed |
| 14 Factors | live expectancy; economic factors; training; capitalism; individualism; acceptance; scientific outlook; tolerance of diversity; inherent religious attributes; war; centralized government; climate and resources |
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