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N4127
Exam II Epidemiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epidemiology: What is it? | An investigative study of disease trends in a population. The study of the distribution and determinants of disease and injuries in human populations |
| What is the purpose of Epidemiology? | Disease prevention and health maintainance. To monitor health status, identify determinants of health & disease, investigate & evaluate interventions |
| Mention Epi process? | The process is outcome, distribution, and influences |
| What does Epi focus on? | Epi focuses on groups and populations |
| Types of Epidemiology? | Descriptive Epi: who/where/when. & Analytic Epi: how and why. |
| Descriptive Epidemilogy focus | Focuses on the amount of distribution of health and health related problems & the outcome as to person,place, & time. Look at it as the Who/Where/When |
| Analytic Epidemiology | Looks at the etiology of disease and the hows and the whys health and disease occur. |
| What is the nurses role in Epi? | Survellance and monitoring of disease trends. Identify cases of disease. Recognize patterns of disease. Eliminate barriers to disease control. Provide education and counselling. |
| History of Epidemiology: Who is the 1st epidemiologists? | Hippocrates was called the first epidemiologist. (Believes disease not only affected individuals but was a mass phenominon. One of the first to associate the occrence of disease with lifestyle and environmental factors). |
| History of Epidemiology: Who are the rest epidemiologists? | Lister, Koch, Pasteur, Snow, and Nightingale. |
| As an epidemilogist, what is Lister known for? | The 1st to observe the relationship between organism & broken skin & development of infection. |
| As an epidemiologist, what is Koch known for? | He developed method of handling and studying bacteria. |
| As an epidemiologist, what is Pasteur known for? | He was the one who proposed theory of the existence of microorganisms. |
| As an epidemiologist, what is Snow known for? | He was the 1st to document the environmental spread of disease. Linked cholera to drinking contaminated water. |
| As an epidemiologist, what is Nightingale known for? | She looked @ the relationship between environmental conditions and the recovery of soldiers during the cremian war. |
| In the 20th century, what was discovered? | The development and use of antibiotics. |
| Basic concepts in Epidiomolgy proportion | A type of ratio in which the denominator includes the numerator |
| Basic concepts in Epidiomolgy: Example of Proportion? | In year 2000, there were 2,404,624 deaths in US of which 709,894 are from heart diseases. So the proportion of deaths caused by disease of the heart in 2000 was: 709,894÷2,404,624 = 0.295 x 100 = 29.5% |
| Basic concepts in Epidiomolgy: Define Rate? | Frequency (how often) a health event occurs in a population during a specified period (of time). |
| Basic concepts in Epidiomolgy: What is the formular for clculating Rate? | (Number in subgroup ÷ Number in total group) × multiplier. |
| Basic concepts in Epidiomolgy: Example of Rate? | In 2003, 135,979 babies were born in Georgia. In that same year, 1,151 infants died in that state. The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 births. You calculate Georgia's 2003 infant mortality rate this way: (1,151÷135,979)x1000 |
| Basic concepts in Epidiomolgy: Define risk? | The probability that an event will occur within a specified period. |
| Define Incidence Rate & Incidence Proportion | Are two different views of the frequency with which events occurs over time. |
| Define Incident Rate? | Reflects the number of new cases developing in a population at risk during a specified time (moment to moment) |
| Define Incidence Proportion? | Reflects the cumulative effect of the incidence rate over a time period (over time) |
| *Give an Incidence rate example? | *The first episode of major depressive disorder (MDD) in young adults in their 30's. Or 50 people with a new (first) diagnosis of MDD. |
| *Incidence rate calculation | *(New incidence ÷ Existing incidence x 1000). 50 ÷ 10,000 = 0.005 x 1000 = 5 persons /1000. |
| *Define Prevalence Rate? | *Existing cases; all the people with a health condition in a given population at a point in time. |
| *Give Prevalence Rate example? | *20 cases of measles in school of which 10 children with measles are abscent from school. Total No. of school students 250. Prevelent rate today is 20 + 10 = 30 ÷ 250 = 0.12 x 100 = 12% or 120 persons/1000 |
| *Prevalence proportion? | *8000 women screened for breast cancer 35 women screened previously diagnosed 20 women diagnosed through screening. Prevalence proportion is the current and past breast cancer events in the 8000 women screened. (55÷8000=0.006875 or 687.5 persons/100,000 |
| What is Morbidity? | Illness or disease in a given population |
| What is mortality rates? | The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year. |
| *What is attack rate? | Proportion of persons exposed to an agent who develop the disease |
| *Calculate attack rate? | *70 people ate potato salad. 63 of those 70 developed symptoms of food poisioning. The attack rate would be? 63/70 = 0.9 x 100 = 90% |
| Name the Epidemiology Triangle? | Agent, Host, and Environment. |
| Define an Agent? | Animate or inanimate factor that must be present or absent for a disease or condition to develop. |
| What are Agent factors? | Physical. Chemical. Nutrient. Biological. Genetic. Psychological. |
| Define a Host? | Living species (human or animal) capable of being infected or affected by an agent. |
| What are Host factors? | Immunity. Inherent Resistance. |
| Define Environment? | All that is external or internal to a host and that influences the host and/or agent. |
| Name some environmental factors? | Physical. Socioeconomic. Biological. |
| Define Primary Prevention? Pre-pathogenesis (Susceptibility) | Measures that actively promote health, prevent illness, and provide protection. Health Promotion and Education Specific Protective Measures. |
| Define Secondary prevention? Pathogenesis (Preclinical, Clinical) | Early diagnosis and prompt interventions to limit disabilities via Screenings,& Testing. |
| What are criterias for successful screening? (Select all that apply) | Valid (accurate). Reliable. Capable of large group administration. Fast and inexpensive. Innocuous. High yield. |
| Define tertiary prevention? Advanced Disease and Convalescence (Resolution) | Treatment: Reduce impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering, promote adjustment to immediate condition, and rehab Rehabilitation. Prevent complications |
| Name examples of sources of data? | Routinely collected data. Data collected for other purposes. Original data. |
| What is descriptive Epi? | Picture of how things are or have been. Think of Person (Who). Place (Where). Time (When). |
| What is Analytic Epi? | The examinations of hows and whys of observed patterns of health and disease |
| What is a cohort study? | Study design whereby subjects w/out an outcome of interest are classified according to past or present (or future) exposures or characteristics and followed over time to observe and compare the rates of some health outcome in the various exposure groups. |
| Case-Control Studies? | Odds ratio |
| Cross-Sectional Studies? | Prevalence studies |
| Ecological Studies? | A bridge b/w descriptive & analytic epidemiology |
| Explain an Experimental studies? | It is where an investigator initiates a treatment or intervention to influence the risk or course of disease (in contrast to previously discussed study designs that were observational studies) |
| What are Clinical trails? | Randomization to groups. Masking or “blinding” treatment. |
| Explain Community trials? | Issues studied is usually health promotion or disease prevention |
| What is causality? | The relationship between one event and/or resulting another |
| Define web of causation? | The interrelationship of multiple factors interacting to effect the risk of disease. |
| Statistical analysis | Method used to associate an evenet with another |
| Bias | A diviation from the true value |
| Example of web causality? | Years of smoking, high-fat diet, limited excercise = Heart disease. |
| What can an understanding of Epi do for the nursing profession? | Enhance the practice of nursing across practice settings. |
| Give an Examples of nursing positions that use epidemiology? | Nurse epidemiologist. School nurses. Communicable disease nurse. Environmental risk communicators. Hospital infections control nurse. |
| Which ducmentation is an importan source for epidemiologic reviews? | All nursing documentation on patient charts and records. |
Created by:
nze
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