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Ch. 16
An Introduction to Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is common descent with modification? | The process by which species of living things undergo modification in successive generations, with such modifications sometimes resulting in the formation of new, separate species. |
| What is homologous? | In anatomy, having the same structure owing to inheritance from a common ancestor. Forelimb structures in whales, bats, cats, and gorillas are _________. |
| What is modern synthesis? | The unified evolutionary theory that resulted from the convergence of several lines of biological research between 1937 and 1950. |
| What is morphology? | The physical form of an organism. |
| What is natural selection? | The process through which traits that confer a reproductive advantage to individual organisms grow more common in populations of organisms over successive generations. |
| What is radiometric dating? | A technique for determining the age of objects by measuring the decay of the radioactive elements within them. The age of fossils can be determined with this technique. |
| What is vestigial character? | A structure in an organism whose original function has been lost during the course of evolution. |
| In science, a theory is: | A general set of principles, supported by evidence, that explains some aspect of the natural world |
| What are the central ideas in the theory of evolution by natural selection? | 1.) organisms vary in traits that affect their reproduction 2.) descent with modification occurs over generations 3.) traits that confer a reproductive advantage will become more common in populations over time |
| Species whose adult forms look very different may have similar features in embryonic life. This is an observation that provides evidence for evolution, name 3 more. | 1. monkey and trilobite fossils are never found in the same fossil beds 2. DNA sequences of genes shared by various species vary in accordance with predictions about how closely related those species are 3. genetic code is nearly universal |
| What work did they do: A.) Lyell B.) Wallace C.) Lamarck D.) Cuvier | A. geological forces observable today caused changes in Earth B. natural selection as a mechanism underlying evolution C. one form of an organism can evolve into another D. evidence of extinction of species |
| Which are homologous and which do not belong? A.) whale flipper B.) insect leg C.) bat wing D.) cat forelimb E.) octopus tentacles | Whale flipper, bat wing, and cat forelimb are homologous. Insect leg and octopus tentacles do not belong. |
| Discoveries in the field of _____ provided key evidence needed for natural selection to be widely accepted as a mechanism of evolution. | Genetics. |
| Important implications of the theory of evolution by natural selection include: | All organisms, including humans, are descended from a common ancestor; biological world is constantly evolving; traits found in organisms are the outcomes of a goal-less process; humans occupy one ordinary branch on an enormous tree of life. |
| John Endler performed an experiment involving guppies in which he demonstrated evolution driven by natural selection that worked through a predator-prey relationship. What are two true statements about the results of his experiments? | Males with longer tails and brighter coloration were more frequently eaten by predator fish; and when males were put in a predator-free environment, brighter coloration and larger tails evolved in them |
| The principle of common descent with modification holds that groups of living things can undergo modifications that, over time, can lead to the formation of new ___ and that all living things on Earth are descended from a ____ ____. | species; common ancestor |
| The principle of natural selection holds that some traits will confer a ______ _______ to individual organisms and that these traits will accordingly become more ___ over time in a population of organisms. | reproductive advantage; common |
| Evolutionary theory supports the idea that humans are _____ _____ other organisms and thus are not ____ from other living things. | descended from; separate |
| True or False: Charles Darwin was the first person to perceive common descent wit modification. | False; common descent with modification was an idea that predated Darwin. Darwin was the first person to perceive natural selection as an evolutionary mechanism. |
| The co-discoverer of natural selection was ________. | Alfred Russel Wallace |
| Following the publication of On the Origin of Species, the evolutionary principle of ____ was quickly accepted by most scientists, but the importance of _____ would not be accepted by most authorities until midway through the twentieth century. | common descent with modification; natural selection |
| The age of the Earth has been established through the use of _____ ______, in which scientists test for the ____ of parent and daughter elements in a given sample of rock or other material. | radiometric dating; proportions |
| ______ features are features in different species that are the same in structure owing to inheritance from a ______ _______. | homologous; common ancestor |
| The auricular muscles of human beings and the wings of ostriches are examples of _____ characters. | vestigial |
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kpalmerton
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