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Bio 189 Chap 12

DNA

QuestionAnswer
What do Chromsomes carry? Genes
What are chromosomes composed of? DNA and Protein
Early geneticists didn't know what carried what? Genes
What substance contains information and are easy to copy, and be variable to account for diversity? Chromosomes
Which genetic material is large and complex enough to store info? Protein
Why did DNA seem unlikely to carry genes? It seemed too small
Who performed an experiment proving that there was a transformative substance? Frederick Griffith
Who performed an experiment using two strains of pneumococcus bacteria, one which was lethal to mice and the other was not? Frederick Griffith
Was the R strand of bacteria harmless or deadly? Harmless
Was the S strand of bacteria harmless or deadly? Deadly
What is heat killed S strand? Harmless
What does heat killed S do to R? make it deadly
What year did Griffith perform his experiment? 1928
What three guys showed that by purifying different components from heat killed S strain bacteria mixture and adding them to living R strain bacteria, the DNA was the only one that could transform the cells? Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
What was the diference between the Griffith experiment and the Aver, MacLeod and McCarty experiment? Avery found that DNA was the trasformative substance.
What year was the Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment? 1944
Who performed and experiment which confirmed the findings of AVER, MacLeod, and McCarty using a different method? Hershey and Chase
What fact did Hershey and Chase take advatage of? That phosphorus is an intergral part of DNA
What fact did Hershey and chase also take advantage of? That sulfur was an integral part of most proteins
What year was the Hershey and Chase experiment? 1952
Hershey and Chase labeled the DNA in a bacterial virus with what? Radioactive phosphorus
Hershey and Chase labeled the Protein in another bacterial virus with what? Radioactive Sulfur
Which is not the genetic material? Protein
Who proved that DNA is genetic material but protein isnt? Hershey and Chase
Who determined that DNA is a double helix? Watson and Crick
What researcher discovered that DNA extracted from cells, the amount of A equaled the amount of T and the amount of C equaled the amount of G but A+T did not equal C+G in most organisms. Erwin Chargaff
What is the rule named after A=T and C=G? Chargaffs Rule
How did Watson and Crick determine that DNA is a double helix? By using knowledge of chemical structure and info from two other sources
What were the two other sources that Watson and Crick used? Chargaffs Rule and Crystallography
What is the name of an X-ray used to reveal the basic shape of DNA? Crystallography
Who collected the X-ray crystallography data? Rosalind Franklin
How did Watson and crick find out that the molecule was a helical structure? By using the crystallography data that franklin collected
What are the the four structures of DNA? Double Stranded, linear helical structure, sugar-phosphate backbones, and nitrogenous base pairing
What did Watson and Crick win? A nobel prize
Who died from cancer most likely from radiation? Rosalind Franklin
What is the structure that is like a rope ladder but twisted? DNA
In DNA what do the bases pair in? complimentary fashion
What does A pair with? T
What does C pair with? G
In the double helix of DNA, what holds the nucleotide strands together? Base-pairing also know as hydrogen bonds
What holds complimentary bases together? Hydrogen bonds
What are the building blocks of DNA? sugar-phosphate, base, and a Nucleotide
What is the backbone if a double helix? sugar-phosphate
What kind of bond are between bases on the double helix strands? Hydrogen
what makes copying sequence possible? Base pairing
What are the three charcteristics of DNA? Easily copied, sequence, and diversity
What is each strand in DNA for the other? template
Where does the info in DNA come from? The order of the four bases
How many bases in length? Millions
What have different DNA sequences? Alleles
Who has slight differences in base sequence? Individuals
Who has greater differences in base pairing? Different species
What is broken during DNA replication? Hydrogen bonds
The duplicated strands are what? Semiconservative
What phase does the DNA replication happen? S phase of Interphase
What is the main enzyme in DNA replication? DNA polymerase
What adds nucleotides with bases complementary to the template to the new DNA strand? DNA polymerase
Many of what are involved in DNA replication? Enzymes and Proteins
What is the name when there is one new strand and one old strand? Semiconservative
What is the specific site where the strands seperate to allow for replication? Origin of Replication
How many origns of replication do prokaryotic chromosomes have? 1
How many orgina of replication do eukaryotic chromosomes have? hundreds
What is the error rate of DNA polymerase? 1:10,000,000 (10 million)
What corrects mistakes in DNA replication? Proofreading enzymes
What are changes in DNA sequence? Mutations
What are incorrect base-pairings that are not fixed? Mutations
Changes caused by mutagens? Mutations
what are some harmful, some beneficial, and most silent alleles
What are the three R's for DNA repair? Recognize, Remove, and Replace
Which R do the proteins recognize defects in the DNA structure? Recognize
Is all DNA repairable? No
Another name for cell death when the cells self destruct Apoptosis
What happens if apoptosis fails? cells become cancerous
A disorder where the allele produces nonfunctional repair potein and cannot repair simple DNA damage from UV exposure Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Is Xeroderma Pigmentosum a recessive or dominant disorder? Recessive
What happes if you have Xerodema Pigmentosum and are exposed to the sun blistering and skin cancer
Created by: paige883
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