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Chap. 34 The Origin
Campbell Biology Chapter 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tunicates/Lancelets chordate characteristics | • Lancelets are marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults • Tunicates most resemble chordates during their larval stage, which may last only a few minutes |
| Neural crest | • One feature unique to craniates is the neural crest, a collection of cells near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo |
| Hagfishes | • Hagfishes have a cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord, but lack jaws and vertebrae |
| Lateral line system | Organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water. |
| Chondrichthyes endoskeletons | • have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage |
| Sharks dorsal fins stabilization | The dorsal fins function mainly as stabilizers, and the paired pectoral and pelvic fins are important for maneuvering. |
| Sharks carnivores and suspension feeders | • Sharks are carnivores that swallow their prey whole. • Sharks and rays can also be suspension feeders. The spiral valve increases surface and slows transit time of food. |
| Sharks and Rays: undulation | • Sharks use lateral undulation • Rays use vertical undulation |
| Lobe-finned fishes, lungfishes | • The second lineage of living lobe-fins. • They surface to gulp air into lungs connected to their pharynx. • Have gills, which are the main organs for gas exchange. |
| Oviparous sharks | The eggs hatch outside the mother’s body. |
| Ovoviviparous sharks | The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk. |
| Osteichthyes skeleton | Have an ossified (bony) endoskeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate. |
| Tetrapods and presence of limbs, pharyngeal gill slits | Tetrapods have limbs with digits. The adults do not have gills; during embryonic development, the pharyngeal clefts instead give rise to parts of the ears, certain glands, and other structures. |
| Poisonous anurans | Many poisonous species have bright coloration, which predators apparently associate with danger. |
| Amphibian “two lives” | Amphibian means “both ways of life,” referring to the metamorphosis of an aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult. |
| Paedomorphosis | • The retention of some larval features in a sexually mature adult. • Paedomorphosis is common in aquatic salamanders |
| Amphibians/Reptiles (gas exchange, eggs) | • Most amphibians have moist skin that complements the lungs in gas exchange • Fertilization is external in most species, and the eggs require a moist environment. (amphibians) • Reptiles lay shelled eggs on land. • Reptiles use the rib cage to ventila |
| Birds vs. Crocodile brain | The visual and motor areas of the brain are well developed in birds, and the brain is proportionately larger than those of amphibians and nonbird reptiles. |
| Altricial/Precocial offspring | Precocial refers to species in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. The opposite developmental strategy is called "altricial," where the young are born or hatched helpless. |
| Non-bird reptiles vs. birds and temperature regulation | Non-bird reptiles are ectothermic, which means they absorb external heat as their main source of body heat. Birds are endothermic, capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolic activity. |
| Snake senses | They have acute chemical sensors, and are sensitive to ground vibrations helping them to detect the movements of prey. Heat detecting organs between the eyes and nostrils are sensitive to minute temperature changes, enabling them to locate warm animals. |
| Skeletons of birds and mammals | Bones of birds are highly adapted for flight and have a honeycombed internal structure filled with air. The vertebrae of the lower back are fused to provide the rigidity needed to produce flying movements. There are also many adaptations to reduce the w |
| Wings, pectoral muscles, sternum | Power for flapping the wings comes from contractions of large pectoral muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum. |
| Monotreme | An egg-laying mammal, such as a platypus or echidna. Like all mammals, monotremes have hair and produce milk, but lack nipples. |
| Marsupials/Monotremes (nursing) | • Monotremes, the young suck the milk from the fur of the mother • Marsupials complete their embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium |
| Marsupials/Eutherian (gestation) | • Marsupials are born very early and complete their embryonic development while nursing within a pouch called a marsupium. • Eutherians complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta. |
| Mammals | Amniotes that have hair and mammary glands (glands that produce milk). |
| Anthropoid | Member of a primate group made up of the monkeys and the apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans). |
| Arboreal | Living in trees. |
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