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Chap.35 Plant Struct
Campbell Biology Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tissue | A group of cells, consisting of one or more cell types, that together perform a specialized function. |
| Organ | Consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions. |
| Three basic plant organs | 1. Stems 2. Roots 3. Leaves |
| Fibrous root | • A mat of generally thin roots spreading out below the soil surface. • Seedless vascular plants and monocots have a fibrous root system characterized by thin lateral roots with no main root. |
| Adventitious root | • Many small roots that arise from stems or leaves. • Grows in an unusual location. |
| Taproot | • Consists of one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots, or branch roots. • Most eudicots and gymnosperms have a taproot system. |
| Absorption of water and minerals | • Occurs primarily near the tips of roots, where vast numbers of root hairs emerge and increase the surface area of the root enormously. |
| Tissue type | There are three types of tissue in plants: dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue. |
| Root hair | A thin, tubular extension of a root epidermal cell. |
| Terminal buds | • Occur at the end of a stem, twig,or branch. • Composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes. • Also called apical buds. |
| Axillary buds | • Also known as lateral buds,occur in the axils of leaves (in the upper angle of where the leaf grows from the stem). • A structure that can form a lateral shoot, commonly called a branch. |
| Monocot venation | Have parallel major veins that run the length of the blade. |
| Eudicot venation | Generally have a branched network of major veins. |
| Dermal tissue | • The plant’s outer protective covering. • It forms the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens |
| Vascular tissue | • Carries out long-distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems. • The two types of vascular tissues are xylem and phloem. |
| Ground tissue | • Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. • It includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support. |
| Phloem | Transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis, from where they are made (usually the leaves) to where they are needed—usually the roots and sites of growth, such as developing leaves and fruits. |
| Xylem | Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots |
| Sclerenchyma | • A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking a protoplast and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity. • Also function as supporting elements in the plant, but are much more rigid than collenchyma cells. • There are |
| Parenchyma | • Mature parenchyma cells – Have thin and flexible primary walls – Lack secondary walls – Are the least specialized – Perform the most metabolic functions – Retain the ability to divide and differentiate They have a large central vacuole. Can grow |
| Tracheids | A long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants. Functioning tracheids are no longer living. • The two types of water-conducting cells, tracheids and vessel elements, are dead at maturity |
| Vessel elements | A short, wide-water conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants. Dead at maturity, vessel elements are aligned end to end to form micropipes called vessels. • Vessel elements are common to most angiosper |
| Sieve-tube members | AKA sieve-tube element; A living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms. Connected end to end, they form sieve tubes. |
| Companion cells | A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements. |
| Determinate growth | A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached. • Plant organs that will cease to grow (determinate growth) include leaves, thorns, and flowers |
| Indeterminate growth | A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives. • will have embryonic, developing, and mature organs |
| Apical meristems | Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots. The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length. • are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots • Apical meristems elongate sh |
| Collenchyma | • Collenchyma cells are grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot • They have thicker and uneven cell walls • They lack secondary walls • These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth |
| Lateral meristems | A meristem that thickens the roots and shoot of woody plants. The vascular cambium are lateral meristems. • Lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth • There are two lateral meristems: the vascular cambium and t |
| Cork cambium | A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells. • The cork cambium replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher |
| Vascular cambium | A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. • The vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem |
| Three zones of root growth | 1. Zone of cell division (includes the root apical meristem and its derivatives; new root cells are produced in this region, including cells of the root cap) 2. Zone of elongation (where most of the growth occurs as root cells elongate, pushes the tip fa |
| Lateral roots | A root that arises from the pericycle of an established root. |
| Pericycle | The outermost layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise. |
| Spongy mesophyll | Parenchymal cells below the palisade mesophyll, loosely arranged with a labyrinth of air spaces through which CO2 and O2 circulate around the cells and up to the palisade region. |
| Palisade mesophyll | Consists of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf. |
| Secondary Phloem | Phloem derived from the vascular cambium in plants exhibiting secondary growth. • Increases vascular flow and support for the shoots. • Living when they are functional, lost their nucleus and still have some cytoplasm |
| Secondary xylem | Xylem derived from the vascular cambium in plants exhibiting secondary growth. (wood) • Increases vascular flow and support for the shoots. • Dead when they are functional, have a lot of lignin |
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