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A&P 2 - E4 - P3
A&P 2 - Exam 4 - Part 3 - Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fluid and electrolyte balance implies _________. | homeostasis |
| Electrolytes have chemical bonds that allow dissociation into ______. | ions |
| Ions carry an _______ charge. | electrical |
| Ions are of critical importance in ________ balance. | fluid |
| Fluid balance and electrolyte balance are _________. | interdependent |
| The fluid content of the human body ranges from __% to __% of its total weight. | 40%, 60% |
| The fluid content of the human body varies according to _____, _____, and ______. | age, gender, weight |
| What are the 2 major body fluid compartments? | extracellular fluid(ECF), intracellular fluid(ICF) |
| _________ fluid constitutes the internal environment of the body. | extracellular (ECF) |
| Extracellular fluid consists mainly of _______ and _______ fluid. | plasma, interstitial |
| Other extracellular fluid include ______, ______, and ______. | lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, specialized joint fluids |
| A function of extracellular fluid is to provide a relatively constant environment for ______ and to transport substances to and from the ______. | cells, cells |
| _______ fluid is the fluid inside cells. | intracellular (ICF) |
| Intracellular fluid functions to facilitate intracellular ________ that maintain life. | chemical reactions |
| By volume, intracellular fluid is the ______ body fluid compartment. | largest |
| What 2 extracellular fluids are almost identical in chemical makeup? | plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Intracellular fluids show striking ________ from extracellular fluids. | differences |
| Blood contains a slighty larger total of ______ than interstitial fluid. | ions |
| ______ contains a slighty larger total of ions than _______. | blood, interstitial fluid |
| A functionally important difference between blood and interstitial fluid is the number of __________. | protein anions |
| Blood has an appreciable amount of _________, whereas interstitial fluid has hardly any. | protein anions |
| _______ has an appreciable amount of protein anions, whereas _______ has hardly any. | blood, interstitial fluid |
| Since the capillary membrane is practically impermeable to _______, almost all ______ remain in the blood. | proteins, protein anions |
| ICF and ECF are more _______ than _______. | dissimilar, similar |
| The chemical structure of plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid helps control ______ and ______ movement between them. | water, electrolyte |
| Concentration or weight of an electrolylte can be expressed as the number of _______ of a solution. | milligrams per 100 ml (mg%) |
| The conversion of mg% to ________ provides information on actual physiological activity. | milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) |
| The ________ unit measures the number of ionic charges or electrocovalent bonds in a solution. | milliequivalent |
| The milliequivalent unit measures the number of ______ or ______ in a solution. | ionic charges, electrocovalent bonds |
| The milliequivalent unit accurately measures the physiological ______ of an electrolyte solution. | combining power |
| mEq/L = ______ * __ * ______ over atomic weight | mg/100mL, 10, valence |
| Water enters the body via the ______ tract. | digestive |
| Water is also added to the total fluid volume from each ______ as it catabolizes food, and the resulting water enters the ______. | cell, bloodstream |
| Water can leave the body as ______ through the kidney. | urine |
| Water can leave the body as water in expired air through the ______. | lungs |
| Water can leave the body as ______ through the skin. | sweat |
| Water can leave the body as ______ from the intestine. | feces |
| The cardinal principle of fluid balance is: fluid balance can be maintained only if ______ equals _______. | intake, output |
| Mechanisms are available to adjust output and intake to maintain fluid balance, e.g. the ______ mechanism, and the ______ mechanism. | aldosterone, renin-angiotensin |
| Most rapid fluid balance devices are mechanisms for controlling water movement between ______ of the body. | fluid compartments |
| Rapid fluid balance devices will maintain normal blood volume at the expense of ______ fluid volume. | interstitial |
| Under normal conditions, homeostasis of total volume of water is maintained or restored primarily by adjusting ______ volume and secondarily by ______ intake. | urine, fluid |
| When dehydration begins to develop, salivary secretion _______, producing the sensation of _______. | decreases, thirst |
| Individual increased fluid intake to offset increased output tends to restore ______ balance. | fluid |
| What two factors determine urine volume? | glomerular filtration rate, tubular reabsorption rate |
| Glomerular filtration rate except under abnormal conditions, remains fairly ______. | constant |
| The rate of tubular reabsorption of water fluctuates ________. | considerably |
| The rate of ______ of water fluctuates considerably. | tubular reabsorption |
| The rate of tubular reabsorption normally adjusts ______ to fluid intake. | urine volume |
| The rate of tubular reabsorption is influenced by amount of ______ and ______. | antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone |
| Rate of ______ and volume of ______ secreted may alter fluid output under certain abnormal conditions. | respiration, sweat |
| Vomiting, diarrhea, or intestinal drainage can produce _______ and ________ imbalances. | fluid, electrolyte |
| The ______ is the control mechanism for water exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid that consists of four pressures. | law of capillaries |
| The four pressures of the law of capillaries include blood ______ and ______ pressures on one side of the capillary membrane and interstitial fluid ______ and ______ pressures on the other side. | hydrostatic, colloid osmotic, hydrostatic, colloid osmotic |
| In the law of capillaries, two two of the pressures form a ______ in one direction and the other two in the opposite direction. | vector |
| Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) forces fluid out of ______ into ______. | capillaries, interstitial fluid |
| Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) draws fluid from ____ into ______. | interstitial fluid, capillaries |
| Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) forces fluid out of _____ into _____. | interstitial fluid, capillaries |
| Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (IFCOP)draws fluid from _______ to _______. | capillaries, interstitial fluid |
| The rate and direction of fluid exchange between capillaries and interstitial fluid are determined by the ______ and ______ pressures of the two fluids. | hydrostatic, colloid osmotic |
| No net transfer of water occurs as long as (_____ + _______) = (IFHP + BCOP). | BHP, IFCOP |
| A net transfer of fluid occurs when (BHP + IFCOP) does not equal (____ + ____). | IFHP, BCOP |
| Fluid shifts out of ______ into ______ whenever (BHP + IFCOP) is greater than (IFHP + BCOP). | blood, interstitial fluid |
| Fluid shifts out of ______ into ______ whenever (BHP + IFCOP) is less than (IFHP + BCOP). | interstitial fluid, blood |
| ______ is the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intracellular tissue spaces of the body. | edema |
| Edema is the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the ______ tissue spaces of the body. | intracellular |
| Fluid imbalance may be due to the retention of _____ in the extracellular fluid. | electrolytes |
| Fluid imbalance may be due to an increase in ______. | capillary blood pressure |
| Fluid imbalance may be due to a ______ in the concentration of plasma proteins normally retained in the blood. | decrease |
| Fluid imbalance may be due to a decrease in the concentration of ______ normally retained in the blood. | plasma proteins |
| Fluid imbalance may be due to the retention of electrolytes in the ______ fluid. | extracellular |
| Fluid imbalance may be due to an ______ in capillary blood pressure. | increase |
| The ______ plays a critical role in regulating intracellular fluid (ICF) composition. | plasma membrane |
| The plasma membrane plays a critical role in regulating ______ composition. | intracellular fluid (ICF) |
| Interstitial fluid (IF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) hydrostatic and colloid pressures regulate water transfer between ______ and ______. | extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF) |
| ______ and ______ hydrostatic and colloid pressures regulate water transfer between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF). | interstitial fluid (IF), intracellular fluid (ICF) |
| Colloid osmotic pressures are the chief regulators of water transfer across cell membranes, and these are directly related to the ______ maintained across cell membranes. | electrolyte concentration gradient |
| ______ pressures are the chief regulators of water transfer across cell membranes, and these are directly related to the electrolyte concentration gradient maintained across cell membranes. | colloid osmotic |
| Normal sodium concentration in interstitial fluid (IF) and potassium concentration in intracellular fluid (ICF) depends on various factors, but especially on amount of ______ and ______ secreted. | antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone |
| Normal ______ concentration in interstitial fluid (IF) and ______ concentration in intracellular fluid (ICF) depends on various factors, but especially on amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone secreted. | sodium, potassium |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates extracellular fluid (ECF) electrolyte concentration and colloid osmotic pressure by regulating the amount of ______ reabsorbed into the ______ by the ______. | water, blood, renal tubules |
| ______ regulates extracellular fluid (ECF) electrolyte concentration and colloid osmotic pressure by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed into the blood by the renal tubules. | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Aldosterone regulates extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by regulating the amount of ______ reabsorbed into blood by renal tubules. | sodium |
| ______ regulates extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by regulating the amount of sodium reabsorbed into blood by renal tubules. | aldosterone |
| When conservation of body sodium is required, the kidneys excrete an essentially _______ urine. | sodium-free |
| The kidneys are considered the chief regulator of ______ levels. | sodium |
| Chloride is the most important extracellular ______ and is almost always linked to ______. | anion, sodium |
| ______ is the most important extracellular anion and is almost always linked to ______. | chloride, sodium |
| Chloride ions are generally excreted in urine associated with _______. | potassium |
| ______ ions are generally excreted in urine associated with potassium. | chloride |
| ________ is often associated with cases of potassium loss. | hypochloremia |
| Hypochloremia is often associated with cases of ______ loss. | potassium |
| ______ occurs where there is cell breakdown. | hypokalemia |
| As cells disintegrate, ______ enters extracellular fluid (ECF) and is rapidly excreted because it is not reabsorbed efficiently by the kidney. | potassium |
| What is a fluid and electrolyte disorder characterized by dehydration? | hypovolemia |
| What is a fluid and electrolyte disorder characterized by fluid volume excess? | hypervolemia |
| What is a fluid and electrolyte disorder characterized by lower than normal serum sodium concentration? | hyponatremia |
| What is a fluid and electrolyte disorder characterized by the elevation of the normal serum sodium concentration? | hypernatremia |
| What is a fluid and electrolyte disorder characterized by lower than normal serum potassium levels? | hypokalemia |
| What is a fluid and electrolyte disorder characterized by higher than normal levels of potassium? | hyperkalemia |
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