A&P 2 - Exam 4 - Part 3 - Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
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| show | homeostasis
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| show | ions
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| show | electrical
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| show | fluid
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| Fluid balance and electrolyte balance are _________. | show 🗑
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| show | 40%, 60%
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| show | age, gender, weight
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| What are the 2 major body fluid compartments? | show 🗑
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| show | extracellular (ECF)
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| Extracellular fluid consists mainly of _______ and _______ fluid. | show 🗑
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| Other extracellular fluid include ______, ______, and ______. | show 🗑
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| A function of extracellular fluid is to provide a relatively constant environment for ______ and to transport substances to and from the ______. | show 🗑
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| _______ fluid is the fluid inside cells. | show 🗑
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| show | chemical reactions
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| show | largest
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| show | plasma and interstitial fluid
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| Intracellular fluids show striking ________ from extracellular fluids. | show 🗑
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| Blood contains a slighty larger total of ______ than interstitial fluid. | show 🗑
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| ______ contains a slighty larger total of ions than _______. | show 🗑
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| show | protein anions
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| Blood has an appreciable amount of _________, whereas interstitial fluid has hardly any. | show 🗑
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| _______ has an appreciable amount of protein anions, whereas _______ has hardly any. | show 🗑
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| Since the capillary membrane is practically impermeable to _______, almost all ______ remain in the blood. | show 🗑
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| show | dissimilar, similar
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| The chemical structure of plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid helps control ______ and ______ movement between them. | show 🗑
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| show | milligrams per 100 ml (mg%)
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| The conversion of mg% to ________ provides information on actual physiological activity. | show 🗑
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| show | milliequivalent
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| show | ionic charges, electrocovalent bonds
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| The milliequivalent unit accurately measures the physiological ______ of an electrolyte solution. | show 🗑
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| mEq/L = ______ * __ * ______ over atomic weight | show 🗑
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| show | digestive
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| show | cell, bloodstream
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| Water can leave the body as ______ through the kidney. | show 🗑
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| show | lungs
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| Water can leave the body as ______ through the skin. | show 🗑
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| Water can leave the body as ______ from the intestine. | show 🗑
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| The cardinal principle of fluid balance is: fluid balance can be maintained only if ______ equals _______. | show 🗑
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| Mechanisms are available to adjust output and intake to maintain fluid balance, e.g. the ______ mechanism, and the ______ mechanism. | show 🗑
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| show | fluid compartments
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| show | interstitial
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| Under normal conditions, homeostasis of total volume of water is maintained or restored primarily by adjusting ______ volume and secondarily by ______ intake. | show 🗑
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| show | decreases, thirst
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| Individual increased fluid intake to offset increased output tends to restore ______ balance. | show 🗑
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| What two factors determine urine volume? | show 🗑
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| Glomerular filtration rate except under abnormal conditions, remains fairly ______. | show 🗑
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| show | considerably
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| The rate of ______ of water fluctuates considerably. | show 🗑
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| The rate of tubular reabsorption normally adjusts ______ to fluid intake. | show 🗑
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| show | antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone
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| show | respiration, sweat
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| show | fluid, electrolyte
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| The ______ is the control mechanism for water exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid that consists of four pressures. | show 🗑
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| The four pressures of the law of capillaries include blood ______ and ______ pressures on one side of the capillary membrane and interstitial fluid ______ and ______ pressures on the other side. | show 🗑
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| In the law of capillaries, two two of the pressures form a ______ in one direction and the other two in the opposite direction. | show 🗑
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| Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) forces fluid out of ______ into ______. | show 🗑
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| show | interstitial fluid, capillaries
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| show | interstitial fluid, capillaries
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| Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (IFCOP)draws fluid from _______ to _______. | show 🗑
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| show | hydrostatic, colloid osmotic
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| No net transfer of water occurs as long as (_____ + _______) = (IFHP + BCOP). | show 🗑
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| A net transfer of fluid occurs when (BHP + IFCOP) does not equal (____ + ____). | show 🗑
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| show | blood, interstitial fluid
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| show | interstitial fluid, blood
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| ______ is the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intracellular tissue spaces of the body. | show 🗑
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| show | intracellular
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| show | electrolytes
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| show | capillary blood pressure
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| show | decrease
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| show | plasma proteins
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| Fluid imbalance may be due to the retention of electrolytes in the ______ fluid. | show 🗑
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| Fluid imbalance may be due to an ______ in capillary blood pressure. | show 🗑
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| show | plasma membrane
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| The plasma membrane plays a critical role in regulating ______ composition. | show 🗑
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| show | extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF)
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| show | interstitial fluid (IF), intracellular fluid (ICF)
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| show | electrolyte concentration gradient
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| ______ pressures are the chief regulators of water transfer across cell membranes, and these are directly related to the electrolyte concentration gradient maintained across cell membranes. | show 🗑
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| Normal sodium concentration in interstitial fluid (IF) and potassium concentration in intracellular fluid (ICF) depends on various factors, but especially on amount of ______ and ______ secreted. | show 🗑
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| show | sodium, potassium
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| show | water, blood, renal tubules
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| show | antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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| show | sodium
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| show | aldosterone
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| When conservation of body sodium is required, the kidneys excrete an essentially _______ urine. | show 🗑
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| The kidneys are considered the chief regulator of ______ levels. | show 🗑
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| Chloride is the most important extracellular ______ and is almost always linked to ______. | show 🗑
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| show | chloride, sodium
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| show | potassium
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| show | chloride
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| ________ is often associated with cases of potassium loss. | show 🗑
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| Hypochloremia is often associated with cases of ______ loss. | show 🗑
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| show | hypokalemia
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| show | potassium
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| show | hypovolemia
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| show | hypervolemia
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| What is a fluid and electrolyte disorder characterized by lower than normal serum sodium concentration? | show 🗑
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| What is a fluid and electrolyte disorder characterized by the elevation of the normal serum sodium concentration? | show 🗑
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| What is a fluid and electrolyte disorder characterized by lower than normal serum potassium levels? | show 🗑
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| show | hyperkalemia
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