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Cardio Blueprint
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Assessing Apical Pulse | located in the 5th left intercostal space, just outside the mid-clavicular line |
| Coronary Artery Disease 1 of 2 | Occurs when major coronary arteries supplying the myocardium are partially or completely blocked. |
| Coronary Artery Disease 2 of 2 | Usually caused by arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis which can affect blood vessels in any organs or tissues. |
| Arteriosclerosis | An abnormal thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Lipis, cholesterol, calcium and thrombi adhere to damaged arterial walls decreasing blood flow and decreasing the oxygen carrying capability of blood... PLAQUE. |
| Atherosclerosis | Form of arteriosclerosis in which thickening and hardening of the vessel wall are caused by soft deposits of fat and fibrin that harden over time. |
| Modifiable factors affecting CAD | Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, Smoking, Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle, alcohol intake, elevated homocysteine levels |
| Non-Modifiable factors affecting CAD | Age, Gender, Genetics, Race |
| Affects of the nervous system on the heart | The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate through sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system innervation. |
| Sympathetic Nerve Fibers | Adrenergic neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and epinephrine) excite SA and AV nodes increasing heart rate. ALSO the Beta-adrenergic receptors in the atria and ventricles which increase contraction force. |
| Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers | Release Cholinergic neurotransmitter acetylcholine and slow down the heart rate. |
| Afterload | amount of pressure ventricles most overcome to eject the blood volume it holds |
| Preload | amount of blood that is in the ventricles during the filling stage |
| Cardiac Output | Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute normally 4-8 L/min. Heart rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output |
| Normal Heart Sounds 1 | "Lub" is the first heart sound and is refered to as S1 it is the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves. |
| Normal Heart Sounds 2 | "Dub" is the second heart sound and is referred to as S2 is the closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves. |
| Ventricular Gallop or S3 | Abnormal sound that follows S1 and S2 |
| Atrial Gallop or S4 | Abnormal sound that comes before S1 |
| Aldosterone | Aldosterone is a hormone released by the adrenal glands. It helps the body regulate blood pressure. Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release of potassium in the kidneys. This action raises blood pressure. |
| Starling's Law | the greater amount of blood volume (preload) into the ventrical of the heart during diastole (the relaxed phase) the greater the amount of blood volume ejected out of the heart during the systolic(contraction phase). |
| Electrical Conduction of The Heart | Polarization then depolarization and then repolarization. |
| Polarization | negative state inside myocardial cells |
| Depolarization | Positive state inside myocardial cells |
| Repolarization | Cells return to normal until the next stimulus is sent. |
| Low Sodium Diet | Consume less than 2300mg of Sodium per day. Read Nutrition Labels of Prepared foods. Prepare food from "scratch" without adding salt. Choose fresh or plain vegetables, rinse all canned goods. Avoid processed meats. Eliminate or restrict high sodium items. |
| Prehypertension | 120-139 over 80-89 |
| Hypertension | 140 and up over 90 and up |
| Treating Hypertension | Goal is to gradually decrease PVR and BP. If Secondary HTN, underlying problem can be fixed. If BP >140 or if conservative treatment unsuccessful in 3-6 months then Stepped Care Approach is used. |
| Stepped Care Approach Step 1 | Low dose thiazide diuretic or beta blocker - If contraindicated, ACE inhibitor or calcium channel blocker. |
| Stepped Care Approach Step 2 | Increased dose of 1st drug or add 2nd step 1 drug |
| Stepped Care Approach Step 3 | Increased dosage of previous prescribed drug and add 3rd drug. |
| Essential Hypertension | Sustained elevated BP with no known cause |
| Secondary Hypertension | elevated BP that results from or is secondary to some other disorder. |
| White-Coat Hypertension | Elevated BP that develops during evaluation by medical personnel. |
| Prehypertension | systolic 120-139 and diastolic 80-89 |
| Stage 1 hypertension | systolic 140-159 and diastolic 90-99 |
| Stage 2 Hypertension | Ststolic >160 and diastolic >100 |
| Complications of HTN | Increased workload of the heart. Increased Size of the heart. Heart Failure. Myocardial Ischemia/Angina/MI. Damage to arterial vessels. Blindness from rupture of blood vessels in the eyes. Strokes from rupture of blood vessels in the brain. |
| How is BP Measured? | Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance |
| Medication Teaching Regarding HTN 1 | Adhere to the treatment regimen even if you have few, if any, symptoms and feel well. Hypertension is a chronic condition requiring lifelong management and treatment. |
| Medication Teaching Regarding HTN 2 | Learn to regularly monitor BP using a home sphygmomanometer or arrange for monitoring by a community agency that provides this service at no or low cost. |
| Medication Teaching Regarding HTN 3 | Keep a log of BP measurements for follow-up visits. Comply with the treatment regimen involving diet, exercise, and drug therapy. Find "heart smart" recipes. Follow directions for medications strictly. |
| Medication Teaching Regarding HTN 4 | Report adverse effects to physician. Never start taking OTC's until you consult physician. Inform all physicians and dentists of the meds you take. Avoid tobacco and beverages containing caffeine or alcohol unless permitted by your doctor. |
| Endocardium | lines the inside of cardiac chamber, made of thin endothelial cells |
| Myocardium | Middle layer of the heart, made of muscle fibers and responsible for pumping. |
| Epicardium | Made of fibrous and loose connective tissue, also known as visceral pericardium (sac that surrounds and protects the heart). |
| Chordae Tendinae | Attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves are these cordlike structures. These prevent eversion of the valves and regurgitation of blood back into the atria. |
| Documenting the Pulse | Rhythm: pattern of pulsations and the pauses between them. Quality: Palpated Volume. Full, Weak, or Thready. and Rate |
| CAD | Occurs when major coronary arteries supplying the myocardium are partially or completely blocked. Usually caused by arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis which can affect blood vessels in any organs or tissues. |
| Postural Blood Pressure | Taking the clients blood pressure in the sitting, standing, and lying positions as long as they are not acutely ill. |
| Body systems that affect arterial blood pressure | Autonomic nervous system, kidneys, endocrine glands. |
| Risks for HTN | Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis, Smoking, DM, Obesity, Stress, Caffeine, Amphetamines, Sedentary Lifestyle, Abnormality of Natriuretic Factor (HOrmone produced by the heart, causes arteries and arterioles to remain vasoconstricted). |
| PheoChromocytoma | Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of adrenal gland tissue. It results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that control heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure . |
| Accelerated HTN | Describes markedly elevated BP, accompanied by hemorrhages and exudates in the eyes (eye blood). If untreated can lead to progress to malignant HTN. |
| Signs and Symptoms of Accelerated HTN | Severe HA, Blurred vision, Nausea, Restlessness, Confusion, SBP > 160, DBP >100>140 in malignant HTN, HTN encephalopathy (brain damage), If left untreated: death 4/5 CVA, RF, or Cardiac Failure. |
Created by:
christinego
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