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UWM Patho II Exam 4

Psychobiology

QuestionAnswer
Which side of the brain is dominant in most people? Left-side is dominant in most people (95% of the right-handed and more than 50% of left-handed people)
What is the dominant brain (Left) hemisphere responsible for? 1.Production and comprehension of language 2.Mathematical ability 3.Ability to solve problems in sequential & logical fashion
What two major language areas of the Brain are in the left hemisphere? 1.Broca's area 2.Wernicke's area
Which side of the brain is non-dominant in most people? The right side of the brain
What is the non-dominant side (right) of the brain responsible for? 1.musical skills 2.recognition of faces 3.tasks requiring comprehension of spatial relationships
What are right-brained thinkers better at understanding than left? 1.humor 2.emotion 3.metaphor
1.What is the corpus callosum? And 2.What is its function? 1.Largest fiber bundle in the brain 2.Connects the two cerebral hemispheres and passes information from one to the other
What are the four lobes that make up the cerebral cortex? 1.Frontal lobe 2.Occipital lobe 3.Parietal lobe 4.Temporal lobe
What are the main functions of the frontal lobe? 1.Handles “executive functions” 2.Cognition and memory 3.Movement 4.Social judgement
What are the functions of cognition and memory by the frontal lobe? Prefrontal area has ability to: 1.concentrate 2.conduct elaboration of thought 3.serves as gatekeeper for judgement and inhibition 4.Houses personality and emotional traits
How is movement controlled by the frontal lobe? 1.Motor cortex - control voluntary motor activity 2.Language - controls motor speech (Broca's area)
Injuries to the frontal lobe may cause Broca's aphasia. What is it? 1.difficulty producing either written or spoken words 2.NO difficulty comprehending language
What is the function of the parietal lobe? Receives and evaluates most sensory information: 1.temperature 2.pain 3.touch 4.pressure involving the skin EXCLUDING: 1.smell 2.hearing 3.Vision.
What is the function of the temporal lobe? 1.Receives auditory input “primary auditory cortex” 2.visual information 3.involved in aspects of memory and learning 4.comprehension of language
What is the name of the area in the temporal lobe that helps understand and produce meaningful speech? Wernicke's area
What does damage to Wernicke's area (in temporal lobe) result in? 1.receptive or sensory Wernicke's aphasia (fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension)
Occipital lobe 1.Receives visual input, “primary visual cortex” 2.Damage to the occipital lobe can result in cortical blindness
What is the Limbic System? Structures in the human brain involved in: 1.emotion 2.motivation 3.emotional association with memory Particularly involved in aggressive, submissive and sexual behavior with pleasure, memory and learning
What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome? Develops when the entire limbic system is destroyed: 1.Putting many types of objects in the mouth 2.emotional placidity 3.fearlessness 4.hyper/inappropriate sexual advances (hypersexuality) 5.distractibility caused by small objects.
What is the function of the Hippocampus? 1.Turns short-term memory into long-term memory 2.Sensory stimulation goes to hippocampus and then cortex 3.Critical in decision making regarding importance of sensation
What happens if the Hippocampus is destroyed or stimulated? 1.inability to form new memories of facts and events (chronic alcoholism & AD) 2.If stimulated, results in hallucinations
Amygdala 1.Generates emotions from perceptions and thoughts 2.links fear and senses to memories 3.patterns social behavior appropriate to situation
What does removal or stimulation of the amygdala cause? 1.Stimulation causes: a.rage b.jealousy c.fight or flight response(anxiety response) 2.Removal causes: placidity
What is the function of the thalamus? All sensory pathways and many other anatomical loops relay in the thalamus Takes sensory information and relays it to area throughout the cortex
What triggers the thalamus to influence mood and general body movements? strong emotions, such as fear or rage
What is the function of the Hypothalamus? 1.Major control center for the pituitary gland 2.maintains homeostasis 3.Regulates: a.autonomic nervous b.endocrine c.emotional functions d.somatic functions
What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system? 1.cardiovascular regulation 2.body temperature 3.body water (osmoreceptor) 3.sexual activity 4.GI and feeding (satiety center) 5.regulation of the pituitary 6.reward and punishment centers 7.memory and learning 8.coordinates sleep-wake cycle
What are the six components of the Basal ganglia? 1.striatum 2.putamen 3.caudate nucleus 4.globus pallidus 5.subthalamic nucleus 6.substantia nigra
What is the function of the basal ganglia? 1.Controls muscle activity in terms of starting, stopping and planning 2.inhibits unwanted muscle activity 3.Coordinates large-muscle movement
What disease and it's characteristics are an example of basal ganglia damage? Parkinson’s disease: 1.muscular rigidity 2.a slow shuffling gait 3.a general lack of movement
What is the function of the substantia nigra? 1.Produces dopamine involved in the control of complex movements 2.Connects to hypothalamus and limbic system 3.controls emotional responses
1.Where is the locus ceruleus located? 2.What is it's function? 1.Located in the pons 2.manufactures norepinephrine a.involved in stress response b.fear c.clinical depression d.panic disorder e.anxiety
1.What does the raphe nuclei produce? 2.What is it's function? 1.Serotonin 2.regulates sleep 3.regulates behavior 4.regulates mood
How does Computed tomography (CT)work? 1.Radiographs or "slices" of the brain that can be stacked to give a 3 dimensional image 2.Relies on intravenously administered contrast agents in order to provide superior image quality
What are CT scans primarily used for? 1.Evaluating swelling from tissue damage in the brain 2.Assessment of ventricle size
How does Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)work? Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high quality two- or three-dimensional images of brain structures without use of ionizing radiation (X-rays) or radioactive tracers.
What is an MRI useful for? Provides a detailed assessment of: 1.The physical appearance 2.Water content 3.Many kinds of subtle derangements of structure in the brain: a.inflammation b.bleeding
What information does the MRI fail to provide? to provide information about the metabolism of the brain at the time of imaging.
What is functional imaging used to diagnose? 1.Metabolic diseases 2.Lesions on a finer scale: a.AD 3.Neurological and cognitive science research 4.Building brain-computer interfaces: a.PET
How does Functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)work? fMRI relies on the paramagnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin to see images of changing blood flow in the brain associated with neural activity.
What kind of images can be generated by the(fMRI)? This allows images to be generated that reflect which brain structures are activated (and how) during performance of different tasks.
How does Positron emission tomography (PET)work? Measures emissions from radioactively labeled metabolically active chemicals (drug or glucose) that have been injected into the blood and uses the data to produce two or three-dimensional images of the distribution of the chemicals throughout the brain
What is the greatest benefit of PET scanning? Different compounds can show: 1.blood flow 2.oxygen 3.glucose metabolism in the tissues of the working brain. This reflects: 1.The amount of brain activity in the various regions 2.Allows us to learn more about how the brain works
Are genetics associated with psychiatric illnesses? The search for genes associated with psychiatric illnesses has been difficult and inconclusive
What are some problems related to genetic research? 1.difficulty inferring information from animal studies 2.gene may produce the disorder in some but not others 3.other factors may be required for the development of the disorder
What kind of genetic studies provide information about the transmission of psych illnesses? 1.adoption studies compare genetic with environmental influences 2.twin studies compares identical or fraternal twins 3.family studies compare first-degree or distant relatives
What are biological rhythms? Also known as circadian rhythm (a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings)
What is the usual cue that sets the clock on a 24 hour cycle? Sunlight affects: 1.sleep 2.eating 3.body temperature 4.mood
Are human behaviors cyclical? 1.Human behaviors are cyclical and are correlated with environmental stimuli 2.the body rhythms are controlled by internal clocks located in specific brain regions
Where is our internal clock located? The internal clock is probably located in the hypothalamus which in turn influences: 1.the pituitary 2.parts of the brain stem to influence many body systems
1.What happens when we get too little REM sleep? 2.Which disorder causes excessive REM sleep? 1.Persons deprived of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep: a.become emotionally unstable b.exhibit personality disorders 2.REM sleep is excessive in: a.depressed persons
What are the 2 main levels of sleep? 1.Non REM (Rapid Eye Movement) 2.REM (dream state)
Explain the main stages of NREM? Stage 1: brain waves start to slow down through to Stage 4: where brain waves are very slow.
What are the five stages of Sleep? Stage 1 (5%): light sleep Stage 2 (45%): deeper sleep Stage 3~4 (25%): deepest sleep: a.sleepwalking b. night terrors REM (25%): dreaming: a.loss of motor tone (atonia) b.possibly a memory processing function c.erection d. ↑ brain O2 use
What are the functions of NT's in REM sleep? 1.Serotonergic neurons of raphe nucleus are key to initiating sleep 2.ACh ↑ during REM sleep,inducing REM sleep 3.NE lower during REM sleep (associated with reducing REM sleep) 4.Dopamine produces arousal and wakefulness (rises with waking)
Continued...NT functions in REM sleep? 1.Serotonin interrupts or shortens REM sleep 2.REM sleep has the same EEG pattern as awake (b-wave) 3.REM sleep occurs every 90 min 4.REM sleep decreases with age
What is Insomnia? Not sleeping enough due to: 1.difficulty falling asleep (onset insomnia) 2.frequent awakening during sleep (maintenance insomnia) 3.waking up too early (termination insomnia)
Sleep Apnea Intermittent stopping of breathing during sleep due to obstruction of the airway or central nervous system problems
Narcolepsy Frequent, unexpected periods of sleep during day 1 or more of these symptoms: 1.Gradual/sudden onset of sleepiness 2.muscle weakness while remaining awake,triggered by strong emotions. 3.Sleep paralysis,dreamlike experiences at the beginning of sleep
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder 1.During NREM sleep individual moves legs and sometimes arms every 20~30 seconds for minutes or hours 2.This is NOT "restless leg syndrome" which is less common 3.Treated with tranquilizers (aka, Sedatives)
REM Behavior Disorder During REM sleep: 1.individual moves vigorously or violently (kick, punch, etc.) 2.Dreams of violent nature 3.Occurs mostly in older men (> 60 years old) with brain diseases especially PD.
Night Terrors 1.Intense anxiety from which one wakes up screaming in terror. 2.Occurs during Stage 4 sleep, most frequently seen in children (esp, boys).
Sleepwalking 1.Usually seen in children 2-12 years old. 2.Harmless there is no danger to wake the sleepwalking person up. No treatment other than making sure that the person's environment is safe.
What is the definition of Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)? The study of the interactions within: 1.the mind 2.immune system 3.neurological system that modulate susceptibility to disease and its progression
What are examples of stressful life circumstances that are linked to impaired immune system function? Mental states and stress(depression and anxiety associated with ulcers, cancer),following sleep deprivation, loss of a spouse. no definitive evidence that psychosocial factors influence disease via changes in the immune system
Norepinephrine (NE) a.located in the brainstem (particularly the locus ceruleus) b.can be excitatory or inhibitory c.role in stress, attention, vigilance, mood; d.activates pleasure center in hypothalamus e.altered in mood and anxiety disorders
Dopamine (DA) a.located mostly in brainstem in the substantia nigra b.in limbic system: 1.emotions 2.pleasure c.in frontal cortex; insight, judgement, problem solving d.in the hypothalamus; circadian rhythms and endocrine functions e.altered in PD and Schizo
Serotonin(5-HT) a.located in cell bodies of raphe nuclei of brain stem; generally inhibitory b. role in arousal and activity, sleep, temperature and pain, mood c.altered in Schizophrenia, mood & anxiety disorders and AD.
Glutamate a.found in all cells of the body, major excitatory transmitter in the CNS b.altered in anxiety,Schizophrenia and Huntington’s disease
g-amino-butyric acid (GABA) a.most neurons of the CNS have receptors; major inhibitory transmitter in the CNS b.altered in anxiety c.drugs that increase GABA function such as benzodiazepines are used to treat epilepsy
Acetylcholine (ACh) a. located in the brain and the spinal cord; can be excitatory and inhibitory b. role in sleep-wakefulness, memory and cognition; decreased in Alzheimer's disease
Created by: czenecke
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