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Test 2 NC1
NCI Hodge Reproduction Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Menstruation: 3 stages | Proliferative phase/secretory phase/ luteal phase |
| Proliferative phase | after menstruation. Period is Day 0 - 5, proliferative is about 7-14. Inc. FSH, Inc. estrogen, endometrial thickening. |
| FSH is the precursor hormone to ________ | estrogen. |
| What is the strongest form of estrogen? | Estradiol. |
| What is the pregnancy hormone? | Progesterone |
| How is progesterone produced? | By the corpeus luteum. |
| What happens to the corpeus luteum if the egg is not fertilized? | It dies, stops producing progesterone and disintegrates. |
| What does progesterone do? | Prepares the endometrial lining for implantation of the fertilized egg. Prepares breast for milk production. |
| If no fertilization occurs, what happens to the endometrium? | It becomes hemorrhagic and is shed. |
| When is the Secretory Phase? | day 14-28. Increase of LH, precursor to progesterone, causes ovulation and creation of corpus luteum. |
| Luteal phase | Overlaps the secretory phase. |
| Normal length of cycle | 21-40 days, usually 28 |
| FSH stimulates the ________________ to release the _______________ | estrogen/ ova |
| A reduction in circulating estrogen along with an increase in androgens in postmenopausal women is associated with | breast and genital atrophy, reduction in bone mass, and increased rate of atherosclerosis |
| Abortions are classified | as spontaneous (those occurring naturally) or induced (those occurring as a result of mechanical or medical intervention) |
| Although the etiology of breast cancer not completely understood, | of factors are thought to relate to breast CA including a family history,environmental factors, genetics,early menarche,late menopause,age 60+. However, most women who develop breast cancer have no identifiable risk factors |
| An ectopic pregnancy is | the implantation of the fertilized ovum anywhere outside the uterine cavity.Any blockage of the tube or reduction of tubal peristalsis that impedes or delays the zygote passing to the uterine cavity can result in tubal implantation. |
| Are antibiotics are used for acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis? | Yes |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is | prostate gland enlargement due to increased epithelial cells and stromal tissue. |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) results from | endocrine changes associated with the aging process |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) The compression of the urethra leads to clinical symptoms including | decrease in caliber and force of the urinary stream, difficulty in initiating voiding, intermittency and dribbling |
| Breast cancer is the | most common malignancy in American women except for skin cancer |
| Breast cancer is detected as | a lump or mammographic abnormality in the breast |
| It occurs most often in | the upper, outer quadrant of breast |
| Breast conservation surgery (lumpectomy) involves | removal of entire tumor along with a margin of normal tissue. |
| Modified radical mastectomy includes | removal of breast and axillary lymph nodes, but it preserves pectoralis major muscle. |
| Breast reconstructive surgery may be done | simultaneously with mastectomy or some time afterward to achieve symmetry and to restore or preserve body image |
| BSE | Breast self-examination is an option for women. Done by 25% of the population. Discover a large amount of cancers in this method |
| CERVICAL CANCER | There is a strong relationship between sexual exposure of papillomavirus (HPV) and dysplasia |
| 2 strains of HPV that are most problematic | 16 and 18 |
| Definitive diagnosis of breast cancer is made by | histologic examination of biopsied tissue. Biopsy techniques include fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, stereotactic or handheld core biopsy, and open surgical biopsy. |
| Dysmenorrhea is | abdominal cramping pain or discomfort associated with menstrual flow. |
| Elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) indicate | prostatic pathology, although not necessarily prostate cancer. |
| Endometriosis is the presence of | normal endometrial tissue in sites outside endometrial cavity |
| Endometriosis Symptoms | are secondary dysmenorrhea, infertility, pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and irregular bleeding. |
| Epididymitis is | an acute, painful inflammatory process of the epididymis secondary to an infectious process, trauma, or urinary reflux down the vas deferens. |
| Epididymitis | Antibiotic use is important for both partners if transmission was through sexual contact |
| Epididymitis | Conservative treatment consists of bed rest with elevation of scrotum, use of ice packs, and analgesics |
| Estrogen is essential to development and maintenance of | secondary sex characteristics, proliferative phase of menstrual cycle immediately after menstruation, and pregnancy uterine changes |
| Estrogen and progesterone are produced by | the ovaries |
| Fibroadenoma is a common cause o | benign breast lumps in young women. A possible cause may be increased estrogen sensitivity in localized area of breast. Treatment includes surgical excision or cryoablation. Fibrocystic changes is a |
| Gynecomastia is a | transient, noninflammatory enlargement of one or both breasts and is the most common benign breast problem in men. |
| Hormonal blood studies are essential | for a fertility workup. |
| Hormonal therapy removes or blocks | the source of estrogen, thus promoting tumor regression |
| If fertilization does not take place, menstruation occurs because of a decrease in estrogen production and progesterone. If fertilization occurs, high levels of estrogen and progesterone continue to | be secreted due to continued activity of corpus luteum from stimulation by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
| HCG | Human chorionic gonadatrophin |
| If palpable, breast cancer is usually | hard, and may be irregularly shaped, poorly delineated, nonmobile, and nontender. Nipple discharge may also be present. |
| Androgens | precursor of all estrogens |
| Bartolian cysts | pea shaped lump. Can become inflamed and very large, may require incision and drainage. |
| LH causes the release of the__________ | ova |
| Fundus - position before and during pregnancy. | Before - deep and low. Around 20 weeks, behind the umbilicus. Post delivery, massage to stop bleeding. |
| HCG | Human chorionic gonadatrophin |
| If palpable, breast cancer is usually | hard, and may be irregularly shaped, poorly delineated, nonmobile, and nontender. Nipple discharge may also be present. |
| Tests useful in predicting risk of recurrence or metastatic breast disease include axillary lymph node status, tumor size, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, and cell proliferative indices. In women, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | is produced by anterior pituitary; stimulates growth and maturity of ovarian follicles |
| Infection and inflammation of vagina, cervix, and vulva commonly occur when | natural defenses of the acid vaginal secretions (maintained by sufficient estrogen levels) and presence of Lactobacillus are disrupted |
| Infection and inflammation of vagina, cervix, and vulva Tx includes | antibiotics and antifungal preparations |
| Infertility is | the inability to achieve a pregnancy after at least 1 year of regular intercourse without contraception |
| Inflammatory breast cancer is the most | malignant form of all breast cancers |
| Inflammatory breast cancer | The skin of the breast looks red, feels warm, with a thickened appearance described as resembling an orange peel (peau d’orange) |
| Inflammatory breast cancer Metastases occur | early and widely. Radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy are more likely to be used for treatment than surgery |
| Invasive treatment of symptomatic BPH involves | prostate resection or ablation |
| Lactational mastitis manifests as a | localized area that is erythematous, painful, and tender to palpation |
| Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids) are | benign smooth-muscle tumors that occur within the uterus |
| Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids) Symptoms may include | abnormal uterine bleeding, and pain |
| Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids) Treatment depends | on size of tumor and may include surgery |
| Lymphedema can occur due to | surgical excision or radiation of lymph nodes. Symptoms are heaviness, pain, impaired motor function in the arm, and numbness and paresthesia of the fingers as a result of lymphedema |
| Mammography is used to visualize | internal structures of the breast using x-rays. This procedure can detect tumors and cysts not felt by palpation |
| Mammoplasty In augmentation, an implant is placed in a surgically created pocket between | the capsule of the breast and the pectoral fascia |
| Mastalgia (breast pain): is the most common | breast-related benign complaint in women. It is described as diffuse breast tenderness or heaviness |
| Mastalgia (breast pain): Some relief may occur with | caffeine and dietary fat reduction; hormonal therapy, taking vitamins, and gamma-linolenic acid (evening primrose oil); and wearing of support bra |
| Mastitis is a breast | inflammatory condition that occurs most frequently in lactating women |
| Most common site of ectopic pregnancy | the fallopian tubes |
| Menarche is | the first episode of menstrual bleeding, indicating that a female has reached puberty. This usually occurs at 12 to 13 years of age |
| Menopause is the | physiologic cessation of menses associated with declining ovarian function. It is usually considered complete after 1 year of amenorrhea |
| Menopause Treatment might include | hormone replacement, drug therapy, and alternative therapies |
| Noninvasive breast cancers include | ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) |
| PID is often the result of | untreated cervicitis, usually treated with antibiotics |
| Paget’s disease is a rare breast malignancy characterized by | a persistent lesion of the nipple and areola with or without a palpable mass.Treatment is a simple or modified radical mastectomy |
| Tamoxifen | drug used to stop all estrogen post cancer. |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | (PID) The main symptom is constant lower abdominal pain |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Long-term complications include | ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain |
| Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Physical symptoms include | breast discomfort, abdominal bloating, sensation of weight gain, episodes of binge eating, and headache. Anxiety, depression, irritability, and mood swings are some of the emotional symptoms |
| Primary dysmenorrheal is caused by | an excess of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and/or an increased sensitivity to it |
| Prolactin assay is used for | patient with amenorrhea |
| Prostate cancer is the most | common cancer among men, excluding skin cancer |
| Prostate cancer The conservative approach | to management is “watchful waiting.” |
| Reduction mammoplasty is performed by resecting wedges of tissue from upper and lower quadrants of breast. The primary roles of male reproductive system are | production and transportation of sperm, deposition of sperm in female reproductive tract, and secretion of hormones |
| Screening guidelines for early detection of breast cancer are | yearly mammograms starting at age 40, and clinical breast examinations every 3 years for women between ages 20 and 30 and every year for women beginning at age 40 |
| Serum hormone test, hCG, is used | to identify pregnancy. |
| Symptoms of prostate cancer are similar to those for BPH, including | dysuria, hesitancy, dribbling, frequency, and urgency |
| The etiology of ovarian cancer is | generally not known |
| The first sign of endometrial cancer is | abnormal uterine bleeding |
| The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads secrete numerous hormones that regulate the | processes of ovulation, spermatogenesis, fertilization, and formation and function of secondary sex characteristics |
| The major functions of ovaries are | ovulation and secretion of hormones. These functions are accomplished during the menstrual cycle |
| The major gonadal hormone of men is | testosterone, which is produced by the testes. |
| Testosterone is responsible for | development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis |
| The primary female reproductive organs are | the ovaries |
| The primary male reproductive organs are | the testes |
| The primary roles of female reproductive system are | production of ova, secretion of hormones, and protection and facilitation of the development of the fetus in a pregnant female. Uterine prolapse is |
| Uterine prolapse symptoms are | dyspareunia, dragging or heavy pelvic feeling, backache, and bowel or bladder problems if cystocele (bladder) or rectocele(rectum) or interocele (intestines) is also present |
| Uterine prolapsed therapy depends on degree of prolapse and can include | strengthening exercises, and a pessary |
| ductal carcinoma in situ DCIS tends to be | unilateral and most likely would progress to invasive breast cancer if left untreated |
| ectopic pregnancy Risk factors include | a history of PID, prior ectopic pregnancy, (IUD), progestin-only birth control failure, and prior pelvic or tubal surgery |
| ectopic pregnancy | Surgery is usually the treatment but can use chemo |
| Methotrexate | chemo drug used to treat ectopic and leave tube functioning |
| ovarian cancer usually identified in | later stages |
| ovarian cancer In the early stages, manifestations are | vague and may consist of abdominal discomfort (gas, indigestion, pressure, bloating, cramps) and change in bowel habits |
| ovarian cancer diagnostic test may include | CA 125 |
| prostatitis It includes | acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis |
| nocturia | night urination |
| dysuria | painful urination |
| hematuria | blood in the urine |
| hematospermia | blood in sperm |
| PSA | prostate specific antigen |
| 2 types of ejaculation problems | premature and retrograde |
| BPH statistics | 50% of men over 50, 80% over 80. |
Created by:
TCC2013
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