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Patho Final 305
Comprehensive patho final for Capstone College of Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atherosclerotic changes of the coronary arteries; impairs myocardial tissue perdusion; angina and infarction | coronary artery disease |
| chest pain resulting from myocardium ischemia (lack of o2)demand greater than supply | angina |
| necrotic damage to myocardium | infarction |
| manifestations: angina, indigestion-like sensation, nausea, vomiting, clammy extremities, diaphoresis, fatigue | coronary artery disease |
| inadequate pumping of heart, leads to decreased CO, increased preload, and increased afterload. sympathetic nervous system activated to increase heart rate and BP. renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system activated. | heart failure |
| heart failure: decreased contractility causes decreased CO | systolic dysfunction |
| heart failure: decreased filling results from abnormal myocardial relaxation; doesn't rest normally, decreased preload | diastolic dysfuntion |
| CO falls, blood backs up to pulmonary circulation (crackles) | left-sided heart failure |
| blood backs up to systemic circultaion (swelling, edema, weight gain) | right-sided heart failure |
| electrical activity of heart | superior/inferior VC--> right atrium--> tricuspid--> right ventrical--> pulmonary valve--> pulmonary artery--> gas exchange in lungs--> pulmonary vein--> left atrium--> mitral valve--> left ventrical--> aortic valve-->aorta-->body |
| prolonged elevation in BP; excessive cariac workload due to increased afterload and vasoconstriction | hypertension |
| contractin of heart; increased electrical charge accomplished through cellular ion exchange | depolarization |
| heart resting; cellular recovery; ions returning to cell membrane in preparation for depolarization | repolarization |
| atrial depolarization | p wave |
| ventrical depolarization | qrs wave |
| ventrical repolarization | t wave |
| cardiac compression from excessive fluid accumulation; life threatening, prevents the heart from stretching and filling during diastole which decreases CO | cardiac tamponade |
| disrupt blood flow through the heart; two types: stenosis and regurgitation | valvular disorders |
| narrowing of valve; less blood can flow through the valve which causes blood to backup in the chamber just before the valve; causes decreased CO (not as much blood is getting through), increased cardiac workload, and hypertrophy | stenosis |
| insufficiant valve closure; blood flows in both directions through valve; causes decreased CO, increased cardiac workload, hypertrophy, and dilation | regurgitaion |
| group of conditions that weaken and enlarge the myocardium | cardiomyopathy |
| cardiomyopathy: cardiomegaly and ventricular dilation damages myocardium muscle fibers, resulting in decreased CO and blood stagnation. Caused by alcoholism and cocaine abuse | dilated cardiomyopathy |
| manifestations: prthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, peripheral edema, ascites, hepatomegaly, jugular vein distention | dilated cardiomyopahty |
| cardiomyopathy: mainly affects diastolic function; more common in men and those who arent active; ventricle walls become stiff and unable to relax during ventricle filling | hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| cardiomyopathy: rigidity of ventricles that leads to diastolic dysfunction; like hypertrophic but diff causes; caused by amyloidosis (protien deposits in muscle) and hemochromatosis (iron build up) | restrictive cardiomyopathy |
| narrowing of the peripheral vessels caused by atherosclerosis, thromus, inflammation, and vasospasms | PVD |
| an inflammatory condition of the arteries | thromboangiitis obliterans |
| vasospasms of arteries, usually in hands, because of sympathetic stimulation | raynaud's disease |
| manifestions: pain in extremeities bc of bad blood flow; numbness; burning; non-healing wounds; skin color changes; hair loss | PVD |
| air in the pleural cavity; can cause lung to collapse | pneumothorax |
| air enters pleural cavity from an opening in the internal airways | spontaneoous pneumothorax |
| pneumothorax: results of any blunt or penetrating injury to the chest | traumatic pneumothorax |
| pneumothorax: occurs when the pressure in the pleural space is greater than the atmospheric pressure due to trapped air in the pleural space or entering air from a positive-pressure mechanical ventilator; lung collapse= shift heart. CO drop | tension pneaumothorax |
| manifestations: sudden chest pain, chest tightness, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds, asymmetrical chest movement, anxiety | Pneumothorax |
| collapse of the alveoli caused by sufractant deficiencies, bronchus obstruction, lung tissue compression, increased surface tension, lung fibrosis; ventilation and perfusion problem | atelectasis |
| manifestations: diminsished breath sounds, dyspnea, asymmetirical lung movement; anxiety, restlessness, tracheal deviation, tachycardia | atelectasis |
| inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi caused by viruses, bacteria, irritant inhalation, and allergic reactions | acute bronchitis |
| manifestations: productive and nonproductive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, low-grade fever, pharyngitis, malaise, and chest discomfort | acute bronchitis |
| "blue bloaters" characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, a productive cough, and excessive mucus production | chronic bronchitis |
| manifestations: hypoventilation, hypoxemia, cyanosis, hyperacpnea, club fingers | chronic bronchitis |
| destruction of the alveolar walls leads to large, permanently inflated alveoli; enzyme necessary for lung remodeling is deficient; loss of elastic recoil and hyperinflation of alveoli, leading to air trapping | emphysema |
| manifestiaions: dyspnea upon exertion, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, chest tightness, tachypnea, activity intolerance | emphysema |
| debilitaing chronic disorders characterized by irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction; severe hypoxia and hypercapnia can lead to respiratory failure; can also lead to cor pulmonale. body gets use to low o2 levels | COPD |
| often asymptomatic early or masked by smoking; two main conditions= chronic bronchitis and emphysema | COPD |
| inflammation of the epiglottis; life- threatening; caused by influenza type b and throat trauma (smoking crack) | epiglottitis |
| manifestations: stridor, fever, sore throat, difficutly swallowing, drooling with open mouth | epiglottitis |
| caused by infectious agents, injurious agents or events, and pulmonary secretion stasis; viral or bacterial; complications= septicemia, pulmonary edema, lung abscess, ARDS | pneumonia |
| pneumonia: caused by impaired gag reflex, improper lower espoohageal sphincter closure, inappropriate tube-feeding placement | aspiration pneumonia |
| pneumonia: confined to a single lobe | lobular pneumonia |
| pneumonia: most frequent type; a patchy pneumonia througout several lobes | bronchopneumonia |
| pneumonia: occurs in areas bq alveoli; routinely caused by viruses or by uncommon bacteria | interstitial pneumonia or atypical |
| pneumonia: aquired outside the hospital or healthcare setting | community-aquired pneumonia |
| pneumonia: caused by virus that thrives in warm, moist environments, particulary air conditioning systems and spas. non contagious- spread through aerosoled droplets | legionnaires' disease |
| pneumonia: caused by yeast like fungus; opportunisitc infection | pneumocysitc carinii pneumonia |
| most frequently occurs in lungs, but can spread to other organs; carried by airborne droplets; caused by bacillus mycobaterium tuberculosis | TB |
| when bacillus first enters body; macrophages engulf the microbe causeing local inflammatory response, granuloma and tubercle form, caseous necrosis, will test positive | Primary infection of TB |
| reactivation of dormant bacilli; can spread to other organs; sumptoms usually develop | secondary infection of TB |
| manifestations: productive cough, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, anorexia, coughing up blood | TB |
| chronic disorder that results in intermittent, reversible airway obstruction. characterized by acute airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, bronchiole edema, and mucus production | asthma |
| manifestations: wheezing, shortness of breath, dyspnea, chest tightness,cough, tachypnew, anxiety | ashtma |
| life-threatening, prolonged asthma attack that does not respond to usual treatment. can lead to respiratory alkalosis and respiratory fairlure quickly | status asthmaticus |
| life-threatening condition resulting in severe lung damage and nutrition deficits; affects cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, and digestive secretions (secretions become thick and tenacious) caused by mutation on 7th chromosome | cystic fibrosis |
| abnormality in protein involved in chloride cellular transport; autosomal recessive | cystic fibrosis |
| manifestations: salty skin, fat soluble vitamin deficiency, delayed growth and development | cystic fibrosis |
| results from a deficiency of bicarb or an excess of hydrogen | metabolic acidosis |
| results from excess bicarb or decicient acid or both | metabloic alkalosis |
| results from CO2 retention, which increases carbonic acid (hypoventilation) | respiratory acidosis |
| results from excess exhalation of CO2, which leads to carbonic acid deficits (hyperventilation) | respiratory alkalosis |
| how to assess for respiratory and metabolic acidosis/alkalosis | 1. look at pH (8=acidc, 1=basic) 2. look at CO2 level (35-45) 3. if Co2 is normal, look at bicarb Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal |
| decreased workload(or diseased state) leades to decreased size of organelles leads to decreased energy usage leads to decreased functionality in disease state | atrophy |
| increased workload (or diseased state) leads to increase size and # of organelles leads to increase contractility leads to decreased functionality in disease state | hypertrophy |
| increased workload physiological state leads to increased tissue size by increasing # of cells leads to increased functionality leads to compensatory & hormonal | hyperplasia |
| pathological, normal cells replaced abnormal cells (cigarette smoking) | metaplasia |
| pathological, normal cells mutate to abnormal cells (cervical cancer) | dysplasia |
| caused from nondisjunction during meiosis; down's syndrome | trisomy 21 |
| manifestations: small square head, upward eye sland, small low set ears, fat pad on back of neck, open mouth with protruding toungue | trisomy 21 |
| manifestations: change in bowel or bladder habbits, sore that doesn't heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, change in wart or mole, nagging cough or hoarsness | cancer |
| complications of cancer | anemia, cachexia, fatique, infection, leukopenia, throbocytopenia, pain |
| stages of cancer 0-IV | 0- just beginning I- organ of origin II- may or may not have traveled into lymph system III- grown in size, deff in lymph system IV- in another ofran diff from where it started |
| higher solute concentrations, causing fluids to shift; lots of particles; pulls water from cells into vascular space to get rid of; cell shrinks | hypertonic |
| lower solute concentrations, causing fluids to shift out; cells swell; give to a dehydrated person | hypotonic |
| equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts | isotonic |
| too much sodium | hypernatremia >145; edema, decreased urine output, dry mucus membranes, thirst (dehydration) |
| not enough sodium | hyponatremia <135; edema, dry mucous membranes, fluid volume excess |
| too much chloride | hyperchloremia >180; hypernatremia |
| not enough chloride | hypochloremia <98; hyponatremia |
| too much potassium | hyperkalemia >5; muscle weakness, numbess or tingling, respiratory depression, stomach upset |
| not enough potassium | hypokalemia <3.5; muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, leg crampls, weak pulse, decreased GI motility |
| too much calcium | hypercalemia >5 weak, sedate4d, decreased reflexes, may be lethargic or in a coma |
| not enough calcium | hypocalcemia <4; twitchy, hyperactive, heart arithmeas |
| too much phosphate | hyperphophatemia >4.5; hypocalcemia |
| not enough phosphate | hypophosphatemia <2.5; hypercalcemia |
| too much magnesium | hypermagnesemia > 2.5; hypercalcemia |
| not enough magnesium | hypomagnesemia <1.8; hypocalcemia |
| shock: results from heart failure, most cases follow MI, notoriously unresponsive to treatment. CM- impaired mentation, systemic and pulmonary edema, low CO, dusky skin color, low BP, oliguria, ileus, and dyspnea | cardiogenic shock |
| shock: caused by loss of blood, plasma, or interstitial fluin in large amounts, begins to develp when ICF volume has decreased by 15%. CM- poor skin turgor, thirst,oliguria, rapid heart rate | hypovolemic shock |
| shock: massive vasodilation caused by trauma to spinal cord or medulla, depressice drugs,anethetics, seere emotional stress or pain. CM- very low BP, bradycardia, fainting | neurogenic shock |
| shock: most severe, sudden onset, begins as allergic reaction. vasodilation, smooth muscle constriction in airway. CM- anxiety, difficutly breathing, edema, hives, burning or itching of skin | anaphylactic shock |
| shock: begins with an infection, progresses to bacteremia, then sepsis, then septic shock, then multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. most often caused by gram neg. bacteria. CM- low BP, hypoxia, taqchycardia, temp instability, renal dysfunction, jaundice | septic shock |
| normal creatine range | 0.1-1.2 |
| normal BUN | 10-20 |
| normal creatine clearance | 125, want it to be >60 |
| bilateral inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that typically follows strep | glomerulonephritis |
| results from antibody-antigen complexes lodging in the glomerular membrane triggering the complement system, proteinuria | nephrotic syndrome |
| inflammatory injury to the glomeruli that can occur bc of antibodies interacting with normally occuring antigens in the glomeruli, gross hematuria | nephritic syndrome |
| renal failure: extremely low bpor blood volume, heart dysfunction | prerenal conditions |
| renal failure: reduced blood supply within the kidneys, hemolytic uremic syndrome, renal inflammation, toxic injury | intrarenal conditions |
| renal failure: ureter obstruction, bladder obstruction and dysfunction | postrenal conditions |
| describe renin angiotensin aldosterone related to kidneys | when we have a decrease in CO (BP) renin is turned on, Ai converted to A2, tells adrenals to release aldosterone which tells kidneys to hold onto NA and water which will increase circulating volume inn body and increase BP |
| urinary incontinence resulting from temporary condition( elderly, fecal impaction) | transient incontinence |
| loss of urine from pressure exerted on the bladder by coughing, sneezing, llaughing, exercising, or lifting something heavy. occurs then sphincter muscle of bladder is weakened | stress incontinence |
| sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss or urine (overactive bladder) | urge incontinence |
| urinary incontinence caused by trauma or damage to nervous system, urgency is generally absent | reglex incontinence |
| inablity to empty bladder, or retention, can cause infection. other incications include dribbling urine and a weak urine stream | overflow incontinence |
| urinary incontinence: no storagbe capacity of bladder due to spinal cord injury or genentics | gross total incontinence |
| inflammation of the bladder; the bladder and urethra walls become red and swollen; c aused by infection and irritants. CM- UTI symptoms, abdominal pain, and pelvic pressure | cystitis |
| infection that has reached one or both kidneys; E-coli is most common culprit; kidneys become grossly edematous and fill with exudate, compressing renal artery; abscesses and necrosis can develop, impairing renal function and causing perminand damage | pyelonephritis |
| manifestations: severe UTI symptoms, flank pain, and increased BP | pyelonephritis |
| presence of renal calculi, hard crystals composed of minerlas that the kidneys normally excrete; risk factors- pH changes, urinary stasis, family history, obesity, hypertension, diet | urolithiasis |
| manifestations: flank area pain, groin or leg pain, bloody cloudy or foul smelling urine, dysuria, frequency, nausea vommiting, fever chills | urolithiasis |
| the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta, responsible for secondary immune response. 80-85% | igG |
| antibody found in tears, saliva, and breast milk | igA |
| antibody responsible for primary immune response, forms anitibodies to ABO antigens, largest and first responder | igM |
| antibody that causes symptoms of allergic reaction | igE |
| antibody that functions as NK, info is limited | igD |
| cells that work on the outside of a cell, have memory; humoral immunity, fight against bacterial invasion | B cells |
| cells that work on the inside of cell, have memory; cell-mediated immunity, respond to intracellular invasion | T cells |
| contact with antigen through clinical infection (chicken pox, measles, mumps) | natural active |
| immunization with live or killed vaccines | articial active |
| transplacental and/or breast milk transfer from mother to child | natural passive |
| injection of serum from immune human (rabies, tetanus, snake bite) | artificial passive |
| chronic inflammatory condition that may affect CT of any body organ; disease progression varies from milld to severe; cause is unclear but thought that B cells are activated to produce autoantibodies and autoantigens that combine to form immune complexes | lupus |
| manifestations: butterfly rash, skin rash, photosensitivity, mucous membrane ulcers, arthritis, pleuritis or pericarditis, renal abnormalities, brain irritation, blood abnormalities, immunologic disorder, antinuclear antibody | lupus |
| parasitic retrovirus that infects CD4 and macrophages upon entry | HIV |
| nonspecific line of defense; skin and mucous membranes | first line |
| nonspecific line of defense; inflammatory response, pyrogens, interferons, complement proteins | second line |
| specific line of defense; T cells and B cells | third line |
| delayed hypersensitivity reaction; cell-mediated rather than Ab mediated involving T cells; (TB skin test, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis) | type IV |
| cytoxic hypersensitivity reaction; igG or igM Ab react to foreign tissue of cells, lysis of blood cells bc of complement activation, usually immediate response (blood transfusion reaction, erythroblastosis fetalis) | type II |
| igE mediated hypersensitivity reaction; produces immediate response, local or systemic (hay fever, food allergies, anaphylaxis) | type I |
| immune-complex- mediated hypersensitivity reaction; circulating Ab-Ag complexes accumulate and are deposited in tissue; triggers comp. system and inflammation (autoimmune conditins, lupus) | Type III |
| what happens when serum glucose levels are down | alpha cells secrete glucagon beta cells secrete insulin which gets glucose into cells and promotes fat storage |
| diabetes: tissues don't respond to insulin; pancreas gradually loses ability to produce insulin | type 2 |
| diabetes: develops when the body's immune system ddestroys pancreatic beta cells; autoimmune, genetic; these people require insulin | type 1 |
| characterized by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary gland or another source. The result is hyponatremia and sometimes fluid overload. | SIADH |
| condition in which the kidneys are unable to conserve water. Symptoms: Excessive thirst May be intense or uncontrollable; May involve a craving for ice water. Excessive urine volume | diabetes insipidus |
| manifestations: fatigue, sluggishness, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, pale and dry skin, facial edema, hoarsness, hypercholerterolemia, unexplained weight gain, muscle weakness, hair loss or thinning, bradycardia | hypothyroidism |
| rare and life-threatening advanced hypothyroidism | myxedema coma |
| manifestations: everything charged up, person constantly moving, losing weight, hungry all the time, exopthalmus | hyperthyroidism |
| manifestations: parethesias of the fingertips, toes, and lips; muscle twitching or smasms; fatigue or weakness; hypotension; patchy hair loss; dry, coarse skin; brittle nails | hypoparathyroidism |
| manifestations: hypermag, hyperphosph., kidney stones, metabolic acidosis | hyperparathyroidism |
| condition of excessive amounts of glucocorticoids. CM- obessity, moonface, buffalo hump, delayed growth, acne, easily bruised, trouble controlling blood sugar | cushing's syndrome |
| deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones. CM- chronic diarhhea, loss of color, orthostatic hypertension, have to change positions very slowly, hypoclycemia | addison's disease |
| manifestations: shaking, tachycardia, sweating, anxious, dizzy, hungry, impaired vision, weakness, fatigue, headache, grumpy | hypoglycemia |
| manifestations: dry skin, blurred vision, nausea, polyuria, polydispea, polyphagia | hyperglycemia |
| caused by HPV; CM- asymptomatic, continuous vaginal discharge, abnormal vaginal bleeding | cervical cancer |
| most common form of dementia; brain tissue degenerates and atrophies, causing a steady decline in memory and mental abilities | alzheimer's |
| autoimmune condition in which acetylcholine receptors are impaired or destroyed by igG autoantibodies, leading to a disruption of normal communication bw the nerve and muscle at the neuromuscular junction | myasthenia gravis |
| debilitating autoimmune condition that involves a progressie and irreversible demyelination of brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerve neurons; damage occurs in diffuse patches throughout the nervous system and slows or stops nerve impulses | multiple sclerosis |
| progressive condition involving the destruction of the substantia nigra in the brain; results in a lack of dopamine; tremors | parkinsons |
| cranial nerves | 1-olfactory 2-optic 3-occulomotor 4-trochlear 5-trigimenal 6-abducens 7-facial 8-vestibulocochlear 9-glossopharyngeal 10-vagus 11-accessory 12-hypoglossal |
| manifestations: not being able to recall event details; changes in or unequal pupil size; seizures; asymmetrical facial features; fluid drainage from nose, mouth, ears | TBI |
| lobe: conscious thought; damage can result in mood changes, social differences, etc. | frontal |
| lobe:plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various senses, and in the manipulation of objects; | parietal |
| lobe: sense of sight; lesions can produce hallucinations | occipital |
| lobe:senses of smell and sound, as well as processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes. | temporal |
| hematoma that results from bleeding bw the dura and the skull, usually caused by arterial tear. loss of conciousness, short period of alertness, loss of conciousness | epidural hematomas |
| hematoma developed bw the dura and arachnoid, frequently caused by a small venous tear | subdural hematomas |
| hematoma: result from bleeding in the brain tissue itself; caused by contusion or shearing injuries but can also result from hypertension, cerebral vascular accidents (strokes), aneurysms, or vascular abnormalities | intracerebral hematomas |
| hematoma that results from bleeding in the space bw the arachnoid and pia; primary clinical presentation is a severe headache with a sudden onset and that is worse near the back of the head | subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| process of forming blood | hematopoiesis |
| anemia caused by decerased iron consumption, decreased iron absorption, and increased bleeding. CM- cyanosis to sclera, brittle nails, decreased appetite, headache, irritability, stomatitis, pica, delayed healing | iron-deficiency anemia |
| vit b12 deficiency usually caused by a lack of intrinsic factor; autoimmune; leads to decreased maturation and cell division; may see myelin breakdown and neurological complications | pernicious anemia |
| manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, loss of deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, personality or memory changes | pernicious anemia |
| bone marrow depression of all blood cells. CM- anemia (weakness, pallor, dyspnea), leukocytopenia (recurrent infections), thrombocytopenia (bleeding) | aplastic anemia |
| excessive erythrocyte destruction. causes: idiopathic, autoimmune, genetics, infections, blood transfusion reactions, and blood incompatibility in the neonate. | hemolytic anemia |
| neither recessive nor dominant but co-dominant; hemoglobin S causes erythrocytes to be abnormally shaped; abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia | sickle cell anemia |
| manifestations: infections and ulcerations especially of the respiratory tract, skin, vagina, GI tract; signs and symptoms of infection | neutropenia |
| manifestations: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope (faiting) dyspnea, tachycardia | anemia |
| abnormally high erythrocytes; rare; considered a neoplastic disease; increased blood volume and viscosity leading to tissue ischemia and necrosis | polycythemia |
| manifestations: cyanotic and plethoric skin, high bp, tachycardia (vessels trying to work much harder), dyspnea (blood too thick to circulate) | polycythemia |
| life threatening complications of many conditions; results from inappropriate immune response; widespread coagulation followed by massive bleeding bc of depletion of clotting factors; CM-tissue ischemia and bleeding | disseminated intravascular coagulation |
| form of sickle cell anemia: heterozygous, less than half of rbcs are sickled | sickle cell trait |
| form of sickle cell anemia: homozygous, most severe, almost all rbcs are sickled | sickle cell disease |
| painful episodes that can last for hours to days; pain is caused by tissue ischemia and necrosis; triggered by dehydration, stress, high altitudes, and fever | sickle cell crisis |
| acute inflammatory reaction triggered by direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing substance; not contagious or life threatening; irritant=inflammation at site of contact; allergic= type IV reaction bc delayed | contact dermatitis |
| common chronic inflammatory condition that affects the skin cell life cycle; cellular proliferation is significantly increased causing cells to build up too rapidly on the skins surface; normally takes weeks but occurs over 3-4 days with this disease; | psoriasis |
| rapid turnover of skin causes thickening of dermis and epidermis; triggers= bacterial or viral infections, dry skin, skin injuries, meds, stress, sun exposure, excessive alcohol, different chemicals | psoriasis |
| vascular birthmark; faint red marks often occuring on the forehead, eyelids, posterior neck, nose, upper lip or posterior head | macular stains |
| vascular birthmark; also referred to as a strawberry; bright red patch of extra blood vessels in the skin; may be superficial or deep | hemanogiomas |
| vascular birthmark; discolorations that look like wine was spilled on skin; most often occur on the face, neck, arms, and legs; can be any size but they grow as the child grows | port-wine stains |
| pigmented birthmark; color of coffee with milk; can be anywhere on the body and sometimes increase in number with age | cafe au lait spots |
| pigmented birthmarks; flat, bluishh-gray patches; often found on the lower back or buttocks; most common on those with darker complexions | mongolian spots |
| pigmented birthmark; also called congenital nevi or hairy nevi; brown nevi; can be tan, brown or black; flat or raised; and may have hair growth | mole |
| rare condition characterized by small patchy areas of hypopigmentation; occurs when the cells taht produce melanin die or no longer form melanin, causing slowly enlarging white patches of irregular shapes on the skin | vitiligo |
| chronic inflammatory condition triggered by an allergen; has an inherited tendency; may be accompanied by asthma and allergic rhinitis; may affect any area but typically appears on the arms and behind the knees | atopic eczema |
| manifestations: red to brownish-gray colored skin patches; pruritus, which may be severe, especially at night; vesicles; thickened, crackled, or scaly skin; irritated, sensitive skin from scratching | atopic eczema |
| begins in the hair follicles and then spreads into surrounding dermis; most commonly occur on the face, neck, axillae, groin, butt, and back | furuncles |
| common and highly contagious bacterial skin infection; can occur without an apparent skin break, but typically arises from a break in the skin | impetigo |
| bacterial skin infection that occurs deep in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue; usually results from a direct invasion thru a break in the skin, especially those breaks where contamination is likely, or spreads from an existing skin infection; | cellulitis |
| rare, serious, bacterial skin infection; can aggressively destroy skin, fat, muscle, and other tissue; bacteria release toxins in tissues | necrotizingfascilitis |
| viral skin infection that typically affects the lips, mouth, and face; transmitted thru contact/saliva | herpes simplex type 1 |
| caused by the varicella-zoster virus; appears in adulthood years after a primary infection of varicella in childhood | herpes zonster |
| warts caused by a number of the human papilloma virus | verrucae |
| burn that affects only the epidermis and cause pain, erythema, and edema; most pain | first degree burn |
| burn that affects the dermis and epidermis and causes pain, erythema, edema and blistering | second degree burn |
| burn that extends into deeper tissues and cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb; no pain bc nerves are killed | third degree burn |
| most common skin cancer; develops from abnmormal growth of the cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis; rarely metasticize | basal cell carcinoma |
| skin cancer that involves changes int he squamous cells, found in the middle layer of the epidermis | squamous cell carcinoma |
| skin cancer that develps in the melanocytes; least common but most serious type; often metastasizes to other areas | melanoma |
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