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GI 305
patho GI Capstone College of Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A stomach section protrudes upward through an opening in the diaphragm toward the lung.Risk factors: advancing age and smoking | hiatal hernia |
| es: weakening of the diaphragm muscle, frequently resulting from increased intrathoracic pressure or increased intra-abdominal pressure; trauma; and congenital defects | hiatal hernia |
| CM:indigestion, heartburn, frequent belching, nausea, chest pain, strictures, dysphagia, and soft upper abdominal mass (protruding stomach pouch) Worsen with recumbent positioning, eating (especially after large meals), bending over, and coughing | hiatal hernia |
| Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus Bile can also back up into the esophagus These gastric secretions irritates the esophageal mucosa | Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| Causes: certain food (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, smoking, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, and delayed gastric emptying | Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| CM:: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease | Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| Inflammation of the stomach’s mucosal lining | gastritis |
| Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain | acute gastritis |
| Develops gradually May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. complications:peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage | chronic gastritis |
| Inflammation of the stomach and intestines usually because of an infection or allergic reaction | Gastroenteritis |
| Most common cause of chronic gastritis Erode the stomach’s protective mucosal barrier Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (e.g., smoking, and stress ) may increase the susceptibility | Helicobacter pylori |
| CM: indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding | gastritis |
| Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms | peptic ulcer disease |
| Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food | duodenal ulcer |
| Less frequent but more deadly Typically are associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Pain typically worsens with eating | gastric ulcer |
| Develops because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. Most frequently develop in the stomach,Often hemorrhage is the first indicator | stress ulcer |
| stress ulcers associated with burns | curlings ulcer |
| stress ulcers associated with head injuries | cushings ulcer |
| CM: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting | peptide ulcer disease |
| Gallstones A common condition that affects both genders and all ethnic groups relatively equally Risk factors: advancing age | Cholelithiasis |
| inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi | Cholecystitis |
| CM: biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever, and leukocytosis | cholelithiasis |
| Inflammation of the liver Causes: infections (usually viral), alcohol, medications (e.g., acetaminophen [Tylenol], antiseizure agents, and antibiotics), or autoimmune disease Can be acute, chronic, or fulminant Can be active or nonactive | hepatitis |
| hepatitis: Usually recover May develop liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis Not contagious | nonviral |
| hepatitis: Contagious Usually recover in time with no residual damage Advancing age and comorbidity increase the likelihood that liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis will develop Can result in hepatic cell destruction and scarring | viral |
| hepatitis: Has three phases – an asymptomatic incubation phase and three symptomatic phases | acute hepatitis |
| hepatitis: Characterized by continued hepatic disease lasting longer than 6 months Symptom severity and disease progression varies depending on degree of liver damage Can quickly deteriorate with declining liver integrity | chronic hepatitis |
| hepititis: An uncommon, rapidly progressing form that can quickly lead to liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or death within 3 weeks | fulminant hepititis |
| Chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver resulting in decreased liver function Chronic alcohol abuse is the most frequent cause in the United States Hepatitis is the most common etiology in developing countries | cirrhosis |
| CM: Portal hypertension Varicosities in the esophagus and abdomen Bleeding particularly in the esophagus Ascites Changes in clotting factors Muscle wasting Hyperlipidemia hyper/hypoglycemia Bile accumulation in the liver | cirrhosis |
| Jaundice Clay-colored stools Dark urine Intense itching Numerous toxins and waste products accumulate Neurologic impairment Ulcers and GI bleeding Encephalopathy Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | cirrhosis |
| Inflammation of the pancreas,Pancreatic injury causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue and initiate autodigestion resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, and necrosis | pancreatitis |
| Causes: cholelithiasis , alcohol abuse , biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs, metabolic disorders , trauma, renal failure, endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumors, and penetrating peptic ulcer | pancreatitis |
| pancreatitis: Considered a medical emergency Mortality increases with advancing age and comorbidity | acute pancreatitis |
| CM:usually sudden&severe: Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, &is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest Nausea/vomiting Mild jaundice Low-grade fever Blood pressure&pulse changes | acute pancreatitis |
| CM: tend to be insidious: Upper abdominal pain Indigestion Losing weight without trying Steatorrhea Constipation Flatulence | chronic pancreatitis |
| Change in bowel pattern characterized by an increased frequency, amount, and water content of the stool Results because of increased fluid secretion, decreased fluid absorption, or an alteration in GI peristalsis | diarrhea |
| diarrhea Often caused by viral or bacterial infections or certain medications (e.g., antibiotics, antacids, and laxatives) Usually self-limiting, depending on the cause | acute diarrhea |
| diarrhea Last longer than 4 weeks Causes: inflammatory bowel diseases, malabsorption syndromes, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy, and radiation | chronic diarrhea |
| CM: Stools are large, loose, and provoked by eating Usually accompanied by pain in the right lower quadrant | diarrhea origionating in small intestine |
| CM: Stools are small and frequent Frequently accompanied by pain and cramping in the left lower quadrant | diarrhea origionating in large intestine |
| Change in bowel pattern characterized by infrequent passage of stool in reference to the individual’s typical bowel pattern Stool remains in the large intestine longer than usual, increasing the amount of water removed | constipation |
| Causes: low-fiber diet, inadequate physical activity, insufficient fluid intake, delaying the urge to defecate, laxative abuse, stress, travel, bowel diseases, certain medications, mental health problems, neurologic diseases, and colon cancer | constipation |
| CM: pain during the passage of a bowel movement, inability to pass stool after straining or pushing for more than 10 minutes, no bowel movements for more than 3 days, and hypoactive bowel sounds | constipation |
| Blockage of intestinal contents in the small intestine or large intestine. Causes Mechanical obstructions: foreign bodies, tumors, adhesions, hernias, intussusception, volvulus, strictures, Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, and fecal impaction | intestinal obstruction |
| causes: Functional obstructions (also called paralytic ileuses): neurologic impairment; intra-abdominal surgery complications; chemical, intra-abdominal infections; abdominal blood supply impairment; and certain medications (e.g. narcotics) | intestinal obstruction |
| Chyme&gas accumulate at the site of the blockage Saliva, gastric juices, bile,&pancreatic secretions begin to collect as the blockage lingers Intestinal blood flow can become impaired, leading to strangulation&necrosis | intestinal obstruction |
| CM: abdominal distension, abdominal cramping,pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, borborygmi, decreased or absent bowel sounds, restlessness, diaphoresis, tachycardia progressing to weakness, confusion, and shock | intestinal obstruction |
| Inflammation of the vermiform appendix Most often caused by an infection Triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure Fluid builds inside the appendix, and microorganisms proliferate | appendicitis |
| The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels becomes compressed Ischemia and necrosis develop The pressure inside the appendix escalates, forcing bacteria and toxins out to surrounding structures | appendicitis |
| CM: Sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensifies (12–18 hours),&becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney point) Pain may occur anywhere in abdomen | appendicitis |
| CM: Nausea, vomiting, and bowel pattern changes Indications of inflammation and infection (e.g., fever, chills, and leukocytosis) Indications of peritonitis (e.g., abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, and hypotension) | appendicitis |
| Inflammation of the peritoneum Causes: chemical irritation (e.g., ruptured gallbladder or spleen) or direct organism invasion (e.g., appendicitis and peritoneal dialysis) | peritonitis |
| A thick, sticky exudate that bonds nearby structures and temporarily seals them off Abscesses may form in an attempt to wall off the infections Peristalsis may slow down in a response to the inflammation, decreasing the spread of toxins and bacteria | protective mechanisms activated for peritonitis |
| CM: Usually sudden and severe Classical manifestation = abdominal rigidity Abdominal tenderness and pain Large volumes of fluid leak into the peritoneal cavity | peritonitis |
| Chronic inflammation of the GI tract, usually the intestines; Includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis Characterized by periods of exacerbations and remissions | inflammatory bowl disease |
| Immune cells located in the intestinal mucosa are stimulated to release inflammatory mediators that alter the function and neural activity of the secretory and smooth muscle cells Can be painful, debilitating, and life threateni | inflammatory bowl disease |
| Insidious,progressive condition Often develops in adolescence patchy areas of inflammation involving the full thickness of the intestinal wall&ulcerations (skip lesions) fissures divided by nodules, giving the intestinal wall a cobblestone appearance | crohn's disease |
| The entire wall becomes thick and rigid, and the intestinal lumen becomes narrowed and potentially obstructed Granulomas develop on the intestinal wall and nearby lymph nodes The damaged intestinal wall losses the ability to digest and absorb | crohn's disease |
| Progressive condition of the rectum&colon mucosa Usually develops in the 2nd/3rd decade of life Inflammation causes epithelium loss, surface erosion,&ulceration that begins in the rectum&extends to the entire colon Rarely affects the small intestine | ulcerative colitis |
| The mucosa becomes inflamed, edematous,&frail Necrosis of the epithelial tissue can result in abscesses Granulation tissue forms that's fragile&bleeds easily | ulcerative colitis |
| The ulcers combine, creating large areas of stripped mucosa that results in an adequate surface area for absorption | ulcerative colitis |
| CM: diarrhea (usually frequent [as many as 20 daily], watery stools with blood and mucus), abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and indications of inflammation (e.g., fever, fatigue,and malaise) | ulcerative colitis |
| Chronic, noninflmmatory, GI condition characterized by exacerbations associated with stress Includes alterations in bowel pattern &abdominal pain not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities | irritable bowl syndrome |
| Less serious than IBD and does not cause permanent intestinal damage;Thought to be triggered by stress, food (e.g., chocolate, alcohol, dairy products, carbonated beverages), hormone changes (e.g., menstruation), and GI infections | irritable bowl syndrome |
| CM: Stress and mood disorders often worsen symptoms Abdominal distension, fullness, flatus, and bloating Intermittent abdominal pain exacerbated by eating and relieved by defecation Chronic and frequent constipation or diarrhea, usually with pain | irritable bowl syndrome |
| CM: Nonbloody stool that may contain mucus Bowel urgency Intolerance to certain foods (usually gas forming foods and those containing sorbitol, lactose, and gluten) Emotional distress Anorexia | irritable bowl syndrome |
| Conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intestine submucosa layers herniate through a weakened muscular layer May be congenital or acquired | diverticular disease |
| Thought to be caused by a low-fiber diet and poor bowel habits that results in chronic constipation The muscular wall can become weakened from the prolonged effort of moving hard stools More common in developed countries | diverticular disease |
| Asymptomatic diverticular disease Usually there are multiple diverticula present | diverticulosis |
| Diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter Can result in potentially fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, and shock Often asymptomatic until the condition becomes serious | diverticulitis |
| CM:abdominal cramping followed by passing a large quantity of frank blood, low-grade fever, abdominal tenderness (usually left lower quadrant), abdominal distension, constipation, obstipation, nausea, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and leukocytosis | diverticular disease |
| Most are squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue and mouth floor; Usually appears initially as a painless, whitish thickening that develops into a nodule or an ulcerative lesion that persists, does not heal, and bleeds easily Multiple lesions | oral cancer |
| CM: a lump, thickening, or soreness in the mouth, throat, or tongue as well as difficulty chewing or swallowing Often metastasizes to neck lymph nodes and esophagus | oral cancer |
| Usually a squamous cell carcinoma in the distal esophagus Associated with chronic irritation Tumors grow the circumference of the esophagus creating a stricture, or they can grow out into the lumen of the esophagus, creating an obstruction | esophageal cancer |
| CM: dysphagia, chest pain, weight loss, and hematemesis | esophageal cancer |
| Occurs in several forms, but adenocarcinoma (an ulcerative lesion) is the most frequent type; Strongly associated with increased intake of salted, cured, pickled, preserved, and smoked foods | gastric cancer |
| CM: abdominal pain, abdominal fullness, epigastric discomfort, palpable abdominal mass, dark stools, melena, dysphagia that worsens over time, excessive belching, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, fullness after meals, unintentional weight loss | gastric cancer |
| `Most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that has metastasized from the breast, lung, or from other GI structures Primary tumors are rare in the US, but common worldwide Causes of primary tumors: chronic cirrhosis and hepatitis | liver cancer |
| CM: Similar to those of other liver diseases Include: anorexia, fever, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (usually in the upper right quadrant), hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, edema, third spacing, ascites, diaphoresis, | liver cancer |
| Aggressive malignancy that can quickly metastasize Usually adenocarcinoma; Risk factors: family history, obesity, chronic pancreatitis, long-standing diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, and tobacco use | pancreatic cancer |
| CM: progressive upper abdominal pain that may radiate to the back, jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stools, indigestion, anorexia, weight loss, depression, malnutrition, hyperglycemia, and increased clotting tendencies | pancreatic cancer |
| Most often develops from an adenomatous polyp Very common and fatal in the US and worldwide;Associated with excessive intake of fat, calories, red meat, processed meat, and alcohol as well as decreased fiber intake | colorectal cancer |
| CM: lower abdominal pain and tenderness, blood in the stool (occult or frank), diarrhea, constipation, intestinal obstruction, narrow stools, unexplained anemia (usually iron deficiency), and unintentional weight loss | colorectal cancer |
Created by:
nmgroover
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