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Patho 463 CH 1 Terms
Patho463 Terms from CH 1
| Word | Description |
|---|---|
| hyperplasia | An increase in the number of cells |
| hypertrophy | An increase in the sizes of individual cells |
| atrophy | A decrease in the size and function of cells. |
| necrosis | is the type of cell death that occurs after such abnormal stresses as ischemia and chemical injury, and it is always pathologic |
| Cell injury | If the limits of adaptive response to a stimulus are exceeded, or in certain instances when the cell is exposed to an injurious agent or stress, a sequence of events follows that is loosely termed cell injury |
| normal cell | is confined to a fairly narrow range of function and structure by its genetic programs of metabolism, differentiation, and specialization; by constraints of neighboring cells; and by the availability of metabolic substrates. |
| cellular adaptions | More severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli may bring about a number of physiologic and morphologic cellular adaptations, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, preserving the viability of the cell and modulating its fu |
| The adaptive response | may consist of an increase in the number of cells, called hyperplasia, or an increase in the sizes of individual cells, called hypertrophy. Conversely, atrophy is an adaptive response in which there is a decrease in the size and function of cells. |
| cell death | the ultimate result of cell injury, is one of the most crucial events in the evolution of disease of any tissue or organ. It results from diverse causes, including ischemia (lack of blood flow), infection, toxins, and immune reactions. |
| cell death | In addition, cell death is a normal and essential part of embryogenesis, the development of organs, and the maintenance of homeostasis, and is the aim of cancer therapy. |
| metaplasia | In some situations, cells change from one type to another, a process called |
| Cellular adaptions | Some adaptations are induced by direct stimulation of cells by factors produced by the responding cells themselves or by other cells in the environment. |
| Cellular adaptions | Others are due to activation of various cell surface receptors and downstream signaling pathways |
| Cellular adaptions | Adaptations may be associated with the induction of new protein synthesis by the target cells, as in the response of muscle cells to increased physical demand, and the induction of cellular proliferation, as in responses of the endometrium to estrogens. |
| Cellular adaptions | Adaptations can also involve a switch by cells from producing one type of proteins to another or markedly overproducing one protein; such is the case in cells producing various types of collagens and extracellular matrix proteins in chronic inflammation a |
| hyperplasia and hypertrophy | Although hyperplasia and hypertrophy are two distinct processes, frequently both occur together, and they may be triggered by the same external stimulus. For instance, hormone-induced growth in the uterus involves both increased numbers |
| hyperplasia | can be physiologic or pathologic |
| hyperplasia and hypertrophy | For instance, hormone-induced growth in the uterus involves both increased numbers of smooth muscle and epithelial cells and the enlargement of these cells. |
| Physiologic Hyperplasia | divided into: (1) hormonal hyperplasia, which increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed, and (2) compensatory hyperplasia, which increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection. |
| Hormonal hyperplasia | best exemplified by the proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy and the physiologic hyperplasia that occurs in the pregnant uterus. |
| compensatory hyperplasia | The classical illustration of compensatory hyperplasia comes from the myth of Prometheus, which shows that the ancient Greeks recognized the capacity of the liver to regenerate. |
| Mechanisms of Hyperplasia | Hyperplasia is generally caused by increased local production of growth factors, increased levels of growth factor receptors on the responding cells, or activation of particular intracellular signaling pathways |
| Mechanisms of Hyperplasia ct'd | All these changes lead to production of transcription factors that turn on many cellular genes, including genes encoding growth factors, receptors for growth factors, and cell cycle regulators, and the net result is cellular proliferation. |
| Pathologic Hyperplasia | Most forms of pathologic hyperplasia are caused by excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors acting on target cells. |
| Pathologic Hyperplasia | Endometrial hyperplasia is an example of abnormal hormone-induced hyperplasia. |
| Pathologic Hyperplasia | Benign prostatic hyperplasia is another common example of pathologic hyperplasia induced by responses to hormones, in this case, androgens. |
Created by:
silvlaur
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