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Micro - Final Exam
Stack #79343
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mycology | the study of fungi |
| fungus | a heterotrophic thallus plant with mycelium that cannot photosyntesize; very developed cells; grows best in dark, warm, moist environments; reproduces asexually (but has ability to reproduce sexually) |
| heterotrophic | needs organic molecules |
| thallus plant | no stems, roots, or leaves |
| mycelium | vegetative part; one strand = hypha (pl. hyphea) |
| photosynthesis | using sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide to oxygen and carbohydrates |
| classes | phycomycota; zycomycota; ascomycota; basidiomycota; deuteromycota |
| phycomycota | water mold; does not affect humans |
| basidiomycota | makes mushrooms |
| deuteromycota | not actually in class with other 4 because it hasn't been seen to reproduce sexually |
| phycomycota & zycomycota | PRIMATIVE - aseptate hypha (fewer cell walls); spores enclosed |
| ascomycota & basidiomycota | ADVANCED - septate hypha; spores not enclosed |
| how to get fungal infections | (1) breath a lot of spores into repiratory tract (2) get fungi-infected dirt in open wound |
| spores | aka - conidium (conidia) |
| sexual spores | (1) zycomycota = zycospore (2) ascomycota = ascospore (3) basidiomycota = basidiospore |
| asexual spores | arthrospore; chlamydospore; blastospore; sporangiospore; conidiospore; macro/microspore |
| arthrospore | when hypha gets old, it crumbles and parts fall off; parts are called arthrospores |
| chlamydospore | round and thick walled; resists bad conditions and germates in good conditions |
| blastospore | (yeast) round/oval; asexual budding |
| sporangiospore | [zycomycota and deuteromycota] continue to make spores enclosed in sprangium until it bursts and spores and spread; includes: sporangiospore, sporangium, sporangiophore, and primative hypha |
| conidiospore | [asomycota and deuteromycota] includes: conidiospore, conidium, conidiophore, and advanced hypha |
| macro/microspore | causes athlete's foot; infects hair, skin, and nails; in group called dermatophytes |
| diseases caused by fungi | athlete's foot and yeast infection |
| athlete's foot | to treat: dry up moisure and go barefoot; create uninviting enviornment to prevent growth |
| yeast infection | only in females; caused by Candida albicans; normal vag flora in small amounts - overgrowth = disease; antimicrobial agent can cause imbalance b/c it kills bacteria and allows yeast to grow |
| Virology | the study of viruses |
| virus | very tiny intracellular parasite; can be seen by light microscope - must use electron microscope; has to live inside a living cell |
| virus vs bacteria | much smaller; need host cell; no organells or ribosomes; no metabolism; either DNA or RNA (not both); either single or double stranded; no motility |
| shapes | icosahedron; helical; complex |
| icosahedron | has 30 edges, 20 faces, and 12 apexes; outer edge is capsid made of protein and capsomes make up capsid; if no envelope = naked - attaches to host by capsid |
| helical | includes: casomer, capsid, and nucleic acid (often infects plants) |
| complex | attacks bacteria; includes: head, collar, tail, tail fiber, pins, base plate; tail fiber holds bacteria, pins puncture cell wall, tail compresses and nucleic acid is forced through hole in cell membrane into bacteria |
| infecting a host cell | lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle |
| attachment | attach to host cell |
| penetration | virus gets inside cell - usually host cell pulls virus in entirely (not complex): called pinocytosis |
| uncoating (lytic) | capsid or envelope releases nucleic acid |
| uncoating (lysogenic) | viral nucleic acid joins with bacterial nucleic acid so when host cell replicates, viral nucleic acid is part of new cell; dormant until triggered to complete cycle |
| multiplication/biosynthesis | different for each virus; many steps combined - takes over host cell and used host's ATP and ribosomes to make new virus parts, then parts randonly assemble |
| burst | when virus comes out of host cell |
| burst: EXPLOSIVE | virus kills host cell |
| burst: BUDDING | virus leaks out and host cell is not killed |
| burst size | how many new virusesare made from one virus in one host cell |
| burst time | how long it takes from attachment to burst |
| How to destory a virus | autoclave (high heat, pressure, and steam); disinfect; chlorine bleach; heat; acetone or alcohol (good against enveloped cell); UV light (good against single stranded virus - mutated); antimicrobial agent has NO effect |
| How to grow a virus | in virology lab - 37C constant temperature; use human cells in bottle and pass from bottle to bottle until death |
| cancer cell | do not die - can last 1000s of passages; no contact inhibitory - layer of cells |
| normal cell | die after about 50 passages; monolayer - contact inhibitory don't grow on top of each other |
| cytopathic effect (CPE) | change a virus makes on its host cell |
| disease transmission | respiratory route; oral/fecal route; direct contact; injection |
Created by:
lcnelson
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