Question 1

When was the Progressive Era?

Accepted Answer

The Progressive Era from 1900 to 1917 was a response to the depression in the 1890s, social unrest, and oppression from the rapidly growing businesses.

Question 2

What was political progressivism?

Accepted Answer

The reformers, who responded to the abuses of urban political bosses and robber barons, stood for greater democracy, honest and efficient government, effective regulation of business, and greater social justice for the working classes.

Question 3

How did the political progressives view the role of government?

Accepted Answer

The reformers saw the government as a potential agent for human welfare that should be expanded to allow it to create a welfare state.

Question 4

Why did some business leaders prefer progressivism?

Accepted Answer

The business leaders preferred regulated stability to unrestrained, uncertain chaos.

Question 5

What impact did conservatism have on progressivism?

Accepted Answer

Reformers also advocated for moral changes, including prohibition and Sunday closing laws.

Question 6

What was the main idea that all progressives shared?

Accepted Answer

The reformers all believed that the complex social ills and tensions generated by the urban-industrial revolution required new responses, so the government needed to institute direct services to improve public welfare.

Question 7

How did Populism precede progressivism?

Accepted Answer

The Populist platform of 1892 outlined many of the reforms that would be accomplished during the Progressive Era because theirs attention shifted to the cities, after the agricultural economy was revived.

Question 8

How did the mugwumps precede progressivism?

Accepted Answer

The mugwumps fought against the spoils systems and advocated for a meritocracy within government inspired the progressives to support honest government.

Question 9

How did the Socialists precede progressivism?

Accepted Answer

The Socialists served as the left wing of progressivism because they both criticized urban living and working conditions, but the progressives tried to separate themselves from the Socialists.

Question 10

Who were the "muckrakers"?

Accepted Answer

The writers  who gained public support for the progressives by exposing social ills through writing or magazines, including Arena and McClure's, who Theodore Roosevelt compared to a character in John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.

Question 11

Who was Henry Demarest Lloyd?

Accepted Answer

He was the first "muckraker", who criticized the Standard Oil Company in Wealth Against Commonwealth in 1894.

Question 12

Who was Jacob Riis?

Accepted Answer

Another early "muckraker", who criticized slum conditions in How the Other Half Lives in 1890.

Question 13

Who was Lincoln Steffens?

Accepted Answer

A "muckraker", who criticized municipal corruption by writing articles in McClure's, which were compiled into a book, The Shame of the Cities in 1904.

Question 14

Who was Ida M. Tarbell?

Accepted Answer

A "muckraker", who criticized the Standard Oil Company by writing articles in McClure's, which were compiled into a book History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904.

Question 15

What was the central failure of the Progressive Era?

Accepted Answer

The reformers were stronger on diagnosis than remedy, and they had a naïve faith in democracy because they believed that exposing corruption and uniting the people and the government would correct social evils.

Question 16

What was the most important mechanism for democratizing government?

Accepted Answer

The progressives advocated for direct primary, or the nomination candidates by the vote of all party members, which was reintroduced in South Carolina in 1896.

Question 17

What was the initiative procedure?

Accepted Answer

The procedure adopted first by South Dakota in 1898, which allowed voters to enact laws directly because only a certain number of voters were necessary to put a measure on a ballot.

Question 18

What was the referendum procedure?

Accepted Answer

The procedure adopted first by South Dakota in 1898, which allowed voters to enact laws directly because the electorate could vote laws up or down.

Question 19

What reforms did Oregon enact?

Accepted Answer

Oregon enacted a voter-registration law in 1899, initiative and referendum in 1902, direct primary in 1904, corrupt-practices act in 1908, and the recall procedure in 1910.

Question 20

What was the recall procedure?

Accepted Answer

The procedure first adopted by Oregon in 1910, which allowed voters to remove unfit or corrupt politicians from office by public petition or vote.

Question 21

What is the Seventeenth Amendment?

Accepted Answer

The amendment ratified in 1913 that authorizes the popular election of senators, despite the legislature being proposed by the House and rejected four times by the Senate, beginning in 1894.

Question 22

Who was Frederick W. Taylor?

Accepted Answer

A political progressive, who developed and outlined techniques for increasing efficiency in his book The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911.

Question 23

What was Taylorism?

Accepted Answer

The title given to the process of scientific management, which promised to analyze the labor processes in order to reduce waste and production time, as well as establish higher expectations and rewards for the workers.

Question 24

What was the commission system?

Accepted Answer

The first system that attempted to streamline municipal government adopted by Galveston, Texas in response to a hurricane and tidal wave, in which they instated a board with administrative heads to regulate the crisis.

Question 25

What was the city-manager plan?

Accepted Answer

The second system that attempted to streamline municipal government adopted by Staunton, Virginia, in 1908, placing the city under the authority of a professional administration, who ran the city in accordance with the policies of the council and mayor.

Question 26

How did the attempts to make municipal government more efficient create a new profession?

Accepted Answer

The government and businesses now required specialists and skilled workers, so the National Association of City Managers was founded in 1914.

Question 27

Who was Governor Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin?

Accepted Answer

The founder of the Legislative Reference Bureau, who provided research, advice, and assistance in drafting legislation, as well as advocated for direct primary, stronger railroad regulation, the conservation of natural resources, and workers compensation.

Question 28

What did the progressives intend to do in response to concentrated economic power but had little support to do so?

Accepted Answer

The public did not support laissez-faire business, trustbusting in favor of small businesses, or the Socialist idea of public ownership of large businesses.

Question 29

What municipal reforms did the public support?

Accepted Answer

The public supported the Socialist idea of public utilities and transportation.

Question 30

Why was trustbusting difficult?

Accepted Answer

The corporation officials knew more about their business than the trustbusters, and the officials preferred to avoid facing competition in practice, so they tried to eliminate it.

Question 31

What was the most significant reform for social justice?

Accepted Answer

The labor legislation, which emerged first at the state level, was the most significant.

Question 32

What was the National Child Labor Committee?

Accepted Answer

The organization, established in 1904, which led a movement for laws banning the employment of young children and saw success within ten years as young children were banned and older children were limited in the workforce.

Question 33

Who was Lewis W. Hine?

Accepted Answer

A photographer, who documented the evils of child labor.

Question 34

Who was Florence Kelley?

Accepted Answer

The founder of the National Consumers' League, whose work directed attention to the conditions women faced in the workplace, but inadequate enforcement practically nullified the reforms.

Question 35

What reforms did the National Consumers' League get?

Accepted Answer

The League convinced many states to outlaw night work, labor in dangerous occupations, and hours for women and children.

Question 36

What was Lochner v. New York?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court case of 1905, in which the Court voided a ten-hour workday law because it violated workers' "liberty of contract" to accept any terms they chose.

Question 37

What was Muller v. Oregon?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court case of 1908, in which the Court upheld a ten-hour workday law for women because of sociological data that demonstrated that women suffered health and moral repercussions from long work hours.

Question 38

What was Bunting v. Oregon?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court case of 1917, in which the Court accepted a ten-hour workday for men and women, but for ten years it still held out against state minimum wage laws.

Question 39

What was the impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in 1911?

Accepted Answer

It provided momentum for the movement to enact legislation protecting workers against avoidable accidents, so stricter building codes and factory-inspection acts followed resulted.

Question 40

How did Maryland contribute to social reforms?

Accepted Answer

It replaced the common law principle that workers could only get compensation, if they proved their employer negligible with accident-insurance systems in 1902.

Question 41

Why did progressives target saloons?

Accepted Answer

The reformers believed that alcohol was responsible for the majority of moral and social ills, so they abhorred saloons, which served as arenas for local politics as well as the consumption of alcohol.

Question 42

What were some of the less successful temperance movements?

Accepted Answer

The Women's Christian Temperance Union of 1874 and the Prohibition Party of 1876 were less successful temperance movements that advocated in the social and political spheres.

Question 43

What was the more successful temperance movement?

Accepted Answer

The Anti-Saloon League of 1893, which adopted the single-issue pressure group strategy that drove prohibition to the forefront of state and local elections and endorsed the ratification of the eighteenth amendment at its Jubilee Convention in 1913.

Question 44

What did President Theodore Roosevelt do with President William McKinley's policies?

Accepted Answer

Roosevelt promised to maintain McKinley's policies in 1901.

Question 45

How much power did President Theodore Roosevelt believe he had as president?

Accepted Answer

Roosevelt believed he was allowed to do anything, which was not expressly forbidden in the U.S. Constitution, and he sought to expand federal power.

Question 46

What was the "square deal"?

Accepted Answer

The domestic policy Roosevelt endorse, which called for the enforcement of existing anti-trust laws and stricter controls on big businesses.

Question 47

How did President Theodore Roosevelt feel about trustbusting?

Accepted Answer

Roosevelt preferred to regulate corporations rather than "trustbust" and restore small businesses.

Question 48

How did President Theodore Roosevelt "trustbust"?

Accepted Answer

He began a more vigorous prosecution of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and initiated about 25 anti-trust suits, but he did not wish to move farther than this.

Question 49

What was United States v. E.C. Knight and Company, 1895?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court case in 1895, during which the Court declared that manufacturing was strictly an intrastate activity, but railroads were involved in interstate commerce and subject to federal authority.

Question 50

What was the Northern Securities Company?

Accepted Answer

The conglomerate of railroads that controlled the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific, which had begun as a solution to the battle between E.H. Harriman's Union Pacific and James J. Hill and J.P. Morgan's Great Northern over the Northern Pacific.

Question 51

What did was the fate of the Northern Securities Company?

Accepted Answer

The monopoly had eliminated all competition, so Roosevelt ordered it to be broken in up in 1902, and the Supreme Court dissolved it in 1904.

Question 52

What was the Coal Strike of 1902?

Accepted Answer

150000 members of the United Mine Workers union went on strike in West Virginia and Pennsylvania on 5/12/1902, demanding a 20% raise, a reduction in working hours, and official recognition as a union, but the owners ignored them.

Question 53

How did President Theodore Roosevelt respond to the Coal Strike of 1902?

Accepted Answer

Roosevelt had to combat the effects of a coal shortage, so he called a conference with the UMW leaders and owners, but the owners' ignoring the miners angered Roosevelt, who threatened to militarize the mines.

Question 54

What was the impact of President Theodore Roosevelt's response to the Coal Strike of 1902?

Accepted Answer

This was the first time labor unions received federal support, thus marking a turning point for the power of the labor unions, and an increase in Roosevelt's prestige.

Question 55

How did the Coal Strike of 1902 end?

Accepted Answer

The strike ended on 10/23/1902, and Roosevelt's arbitration commission decided in 1903 that the workers would receive a 9 hour day, a 10% raise, and no union recognition.

Question 56

What was Swift and Company v. United States?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court case of 1905, in which the Court rejected the trust meatpackers used to avoid competitive bidding for livestock because meat and livestock moved in the stream of interstate commerce, which entitled them to federal regulation.

Question 57

How Swift and Company v. United States serve as reform?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court's decision represented an expansion of the interpretation of interstate commerce, which implied the expansion of federal regulation.

Question 58

What was the Elkins Act?

Accepted Answer

The Congressional legislature of 1903, which made it illegal for railroads to take or give secret rebates from freight charges to their favorite customers, so all the shippers would be charged the same price.

Question 59

What was the Bureau of Corporations?

Accepted Answer

The Congressional institution that reported on the activities of interstate corporations and uncovered information, which could be used for anti-trust suits or to help corporations correct malpractices and avoid lawsuits.

Question 60

How did companies respond to the Bureau of Corporations?

Accepted Answer

The United States Steel and International Harvester companies worked with the Bureau, but the Standard Oil and the American Tobacco Company were dissolved in 1911 for noncooperation.

Question 61

What happened during the election of 1904?

Accepted Answer

The Democrats abandoned William Jennings Bryan for Alton B. Parker, who supported the gold standard and labor reform, but Roosevelt had tremendous public support, won a second time, and announced he would not run again.

Question 62

What was the Hepburn Act of 1906?

Accepted Answer

The legislature that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum freight rates without going to court, so the ICC's power extended to provide a uniform system of bookkeeping to provide uniform statistics for all companies.

Question 63

How was information about the meat and food industry published?

Accepted Answer

The Ladies' Home Journal, Collier's, and Upton Sinclair's The Jungle provided shocking information to the American public about the meat and food industries.

Question 64

What was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906?

Accepted Answer

The legislature, which required federal inspection of meats destined for interstate commerce and empowered officials in the Agriculture Department to impose sanitation standards within processing plants.

Question	Answer
When was the Progressive Era?	The Progressive Era from 1900 to 1917 was a response to the depression in the 1890s, social unrest, and oppression from the rapidly growing businesses.
What was political progressivism?	The reformers, who responded to the abuses of urban political bosses and robber barons, stood for greater democracy, honest and efficient government, effective regulation of business, and greater social justice for the working classes.
How did the political progressives view the role of government?	The reformers saw the government as a potential agent for human welfare that should be expanded to allow it to create a welfare state.
Why did some business leaders prefer progressivism?	The business leaders preferred regulated stability to unrestrained, uncertain chaos.
What impact did conservatism have on progressivism?	Reformers also advocated for moral changes, including prohibition and Sunday closing laws.
What was the main idea that all progressives shared?	The reformers all believed that the complex social ills and tensions generated by the urban-industrial revolution required new responses, so the government needed to institute direct services to improve public welfare.
How did Populism precede progressivism?	The Populist platform of 1892 outlined many of the reforms that would be accomplished during the Progressive Era because theirs attention shifted to the cities, after the agricultural economy was revived.
How did the mugwumps precede progressivism?	The mugwumps fought against the spoils systems and advocated for a meritocracy within government inspired the progressives to support honest government.
How did the Socialists precede progressivism?	The Socialists served as the left wing of progressivism because they both criticized urban living and working conditions, but the progressives tried to separate themselves from the Socialists.
Who were the "muckrakers"?	The writers who gained public support for the progressives by exposing social ills through writing or magazines, including Arena and McClure's, who Theodore Roosevelt compared to a character in John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.
Who was Henry Demarest Lloyd?	He was the first "muckraker", who criticized the Standard Oil Company in Wealth Against Commonwealth in 1894.
Who was Jacob Riis?	Another early "muckraker", who criticized slum conditions in How the Other Half Lives in 1890.
Who was Lincoln Steffens?	A "muckraker", who criticized municipal corruption by writing articles in McClure's, which were compiled into a book, The Shame of the Cities in 1904.
Who was Ida M. Tarbell?	A "muckraker", who criticized the Standard Oil Company by writing articles in McClure's, which were compiled into a book History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904.
What was the central failure of the Progressive Era?	The reformers were stronger on diagnosis than remedy, and they had a naïve faith in democracy because they believed that exposing corruption and uniting the people and the government would correct social evils.
What was the most important mechanism for democratizing government?	The progressives advocated for direct primary, or the nomination candidates by the vote of all party members, which was reintroduced in South Carolina in 1896.
What was the initiative procedure?	The procedure adopted first by South Dakota in 1898, which allowed voters to enact laws directly because only a certain number of voters were necessary to put a measure on a ballot.
What was the referendum procedure?	The procedure adopted first by South Dakota in 1898, which allowed voters to enact laws directly because the electorate could vote laws up or down.
What reforms did Oregon enact?	Oregon enacted a voter-registration law in 1899, initiative and referendum in 1902, direct primary in 1904, corrupt-practices act in 1908, and the recall procedure in 1910.
What was the recall procedure?	The procedure first adopted by Oregon in 1910, which allowed voters to remove unfit or corrupt politicians from office by public petition or vote.
What is the Seventeenth Amendment?	The amendment ratified in 1913 that authorizes the popular election of senators, despite the legislature being proposed by the House and rejected four times by the Senate, beginning in 1894.
Who was Frederick W. Taylor?	A political progressive, who developed and outlined techniques for increasing efficiency in his book The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911.
What was Taylorism?	The title given to the process of scientific management, which promised to analyze the labor processes in order to reduce waste and production time, as well as establish higher expectations and rewards for the workers.
What was the commission system?	The first system that attempted to streamline municipal government adopted by Galveston, Texas in response to a hurricane and tidal wave, in which they instated a board with administrative heads to regulate the crisis.
What was the city-manager plan?	The second system that attempted to streamline municipal government adopted by Staunton, Virginia, in 1908, placing the city under the authority of a professional administration, who ran the city in accordance with the policies of the council and mayor.
How did the attempts to make municipal government more efficient create a new profession?	The government and businesses now required specialists and skilled workers, so the National Association of City Managers was founded in 1914.
Who was Governor Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin?	The founder of the Legislative Reference Bureau, who provided research, advice, and assistance in drafting legislation, as well as advocated for direct primary, stronger railroad regulation, the conservation of natural resources, and workers compensation.
What did the progressives intend to do in response to concentrated economic power but had little support to do so?	The public did not support laissez-faire business, trustbusting in favor of small businesses, or the Socialist idea of public ownership of large businesses.
What municipal reforms did the public support?	The public supported the Socialist idea of public utilities and transportation.
Why was trustbusting difficult?	The corporation officials knew more about their business than the trustbusters, and the officials preferred to avoid facing competition in practice, so they tried to eliminate it.
What was the most significant reform for social justice?	The labor legislation, which emerged first at the state level, was the most significant.
What was the National Child Labor Committee?	The organization, established in 1904, which led a movement for laws banning the employment of young children and saw success within ten years as young children were banned and older children were limited in the workforce.
Who was Lewis W. Hine?	A photographer, who documented the evils of child labor.
Who was Florence Kelley?	The founder of the National Consumers' League, whose work directed attention to the conditions women faced in the workplace, but inadequate enforcement practically nullified the reforms.
What reforms did the National Consumers' League get?	The League convinced many states to outlaw night work, labor in dangerous occupations, and hours for women and children.
What was Lochner v. New York?	The Supreme Court case of 1905, in which the Court voided a ten-hour workday law because it violated workers' "liberty of contract" to accept any terms they chose.
What was Muller v. Oregon?	The Supreme Court case of 1908, in which the Court upheld a ten-hour workday law for women because of sociological data that demonstrated that women suffered health and moral repercussions from long work hours.
What was Bunting v. Oregon?	The Supreme Court case of 1917, in which the Court accepted a ten-hour workday for men and women, but for ten years it still held out against state minimum wage laws.
What was the impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in 1911?	It provided momentum for the movement to enact legislation protecting workers against avoidable accidents, so stricter building codes and factory-inspection acts followed resulted.
How did Maryland contribute to social reforms?	It replaced the common law principle that workers could only get compensation, if they proved their employer negligible with accident-insurance systems in 1902.
Why did progressives target saloons?	The reformers believed that alcohol was responsible for the majority of moral and social ills, so they abhorred saloons, which served as arenas for local politics as well as the consumption of alcohol.
What were some of the less successful temperance movements?	The Women's Christian Temperance Union of 1874 and the Prohibition Party of 1876 were less successful temperance movements that advocated in the social and political spheres.
What was the more successful temperance movement?	The Anti-Saloon League of 1893, which adopted the single-issue pressure group strategy that drove prohibition to the forefront of state and local elections and endorsed the ratification of the eighteenth amendment at its Jubilee Convention in 1913.
What did President Theodore Roosevelt do with President William McKinley's policies?	Roosevelt promised to maintain McKinley's policies in 1901.
How much power did President Theodore Roosevelt believe he had as president?	Roosevelt believed he was allowed to do anything, which was not expressly forbidden in the U.S. Constitution, and he sought to expand federal power.
What was the "square deal"?	The domestic policy Roosevelt endorse, which called for the enforcement of existing anti-trust laws and stricter controls on big businesses.
How did President Theodore Roosevelt feel about trustbusting?	Roosevelt preferred to regulate corporations rather than "trustbust" and restore small businesses.
How did President Theodore Roosevelt "trustbust"?	He began a more vigorous prosecution of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and initiated about 25 anti-trust suits, but he did not wish to move farther than this.
What was United States v. E.C. Knight and Company, 1895?	The Supreme Court case in 1895, during which the Court declared that manufacturing was strictly an intrastate activity, but railroads were involved in interstate commerce and subject to federal authority.
What was the Northern Securities Company?	The conglomerate of railroads that controlled the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific, which had begun as a solution to the battle between E.H. Harriman's Union Pacific and James J. Hill and J.P. Morgan's Great Northern over the Northern Pacific.
What did was the fate of the Northern Securities Company?	The monopoly had eliminated all competition, so Roosevelt ordered it to be broken in up in 1902, and the Supreme Court dissolved it in 1904.
What was the Coal Strike of 1902?	150000 members of the United Mine Workers union went on strike in West Virginia and Pennsylvania on 5/12/1902, demanding a 20% raise, a reduction in working hours, and official recognition as a union, but the owners ignored them.
How did President Theodore Roosevelt respond to the Coal Strike of 1902?	Roosevelt had to combat the effects of a coal shortage, so he called a conference with the UMW leaders and owners, but the owners' ignoring the miners angered Roosevelt, who threatened to militarize the mines.
What was the impact of President Theodore Roosevelt's response to the Coal Strike of 1902?	This was the first time labor unions received federal support, thus marking a turning point for the power of the labor unions, and an increase in Roosevelt's prestige.
How did the Coal Strike of 1902 end?	The strike ended on 10/23/1902, and Roosevelt's arbitration commission decided in 1903 that the workers would receive a 9 hour day, a 10% raise, and no union recognition.
What was Swift and Company v. United States?	The Supreme Court case of 1905, in which the Court rejected the trust meatpackers used to avoid competitive bidding for livestock because meat and livestock moved in the stream of interstate commerce, which entitled them to federal regulation.
How Swift and Company v. United States serve as reform?	The Supreme Court's decision represented an expansion of the interpretation of interstate commerce, which implied the expansion of federal regulation.
What was the Elkins Act?	The Congressional legislature of 1903, which made it illegal for railroads to take or give secret rebates from freight charges to their favorite customers, so all the shippers would be charged the same price.
What was the Bureau of Corporations?	The Congressional institution that reported on the activities of interstate corporations and uncovered information, which could be used for anti-trust suits or to help corporations correct malpractices and avoid lawsuits.
How did companies respond to the Bureau of Corporations?	The United States Steel and International Harvester companies worked with the Bureau, but the Standard Oil and the American Tobacco Company were dissolved in 1911 for noncooperation.
What happened during the election of 1904?	The Democrats abandoned William Jennings Bryan for Alton B. Parker, who supported the gold standard and labor reform, but Roosevelt had tremendous public support, won a second time, and announced he would not run again.
What was the Hepburn Act of 1906?	The legislature that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum freight rates without going to court, so the ICC's power extended to provide a uniform system of bookkeeping to provide uniform statistics for all companies.
How was information about the meat and food industry published?	The Ladies' Home Journal, Collier's, and Upton Sinclair's The Jungle provided shocking information to the American public about the meat and food industries.
What was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906?	The legislature, which required federal inspection of meats destined for interstate commerce and empowered officials in the Agriculture Department to impose sanitation standards within processing plants.
What was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?	The legislature, which restricted the makers of prepared foods and patent medicines, forbade the manufacture or sale or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or harmful foods or drugs or liquors.
What issue did President Theodore Roosevelt become the first president to tackle, yet left a legacy regarding?	Roosevelt was the first president to address the need to conserve the limited natural resources in the U.S.
Who was George Perkins Marsh?	A Vermont diplomat, an early advocate for government conservation programs, and the author of Man and Nature in 1864.
How were the political progressives and the conservationists similar?	The political progressives advocated for reforms in the name of public welfare, and conservationists advocated for reforms in order to preserve resources for future generations.
Who was George Bird Grinnell?	The editor of Forest and Stream, who founded the Audubon Society in 1886 to protect wild birds from being hunted for their feathers.
What was the Boone and Crockett Club?	The hunting society formed by Grimmell, Roosevelt, and other recreational hunters, who wanted to protect large game animals for posterity and named the club after the frontiersmen, Daniel Boone and Davy Crockett.
How were Native Americans impacted by conservation?	They were restricted from hunting, and they were further displaced as a result of conservationists' establishing Yellowstone National Park in 1872.
How did President Theodore Roosevelt directly contribute to conservation?	Roosevelt established 50 federal wildlife refuges, 5 new national parks, and designated natural structures, like the Grand Canyon, unfit for economic use.
Who was Gifford Pinchot?	The first professional forester, Head of the Division of forestry, advocate for utilitarian progressivism that allowed for the appropriate exploitation of natural resources, and the training of government officials to manage the federal-owned land.
What was the National Conservation Commission?	The organization established by Roosevelt and Pinchot, after the 1908 White House Conference on Conservation that inspired small-scale environmental advocacies.
What caused the schism in the conservation movement?	The environmental movement was divided between those who wanted to conserve resources for continuous human use and those who wanted to set aside land for wilderness preserves.
What happened during the election of 1908?	while the Democrats supported a lower tariff and labor reform nominated William Jennings Bryan.
What was the most surprising feature of the election of 1908?	Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party received 421000 votes, which demonstrated the depth of working-class resentment in the U.S.
How did President William Howard Taft feel about politics?	Taft was a conservative personality, who detested the give-and-take of backroom politics and never felt comfortable in the White House, and he lost his political adviser, his wife, Nellie Taft to a debilitating stroke.
What was the first important issue of the presidency of President William Howard Taft?	Taft lowered the tariff, although this was contrary to Republican tradition.
How did the House address President William Howard Taft's tariff reform?	The House lowered the tariff less than Taft would have preferred, but it made some important reductions and enlarged the number of duty free items.
How did the Senate address President William Howard Taft's tariff reform?	The Senate made more than 800 changes, but it reduced the tariff on hides, iron, ore, coal, oil, cottons, boots, and shoes.
Was President William Howard Taft a true progressive?	Taft alienated the progressives by drifting into the Republican Old Guard orbit.
What was the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy?	The conflict between Ballinger, who wanted to open over a million acres of waterpower sites for commercial use because Roosevelt had over-restricted them, and Pinchot, who disagreed, went public with the issue, and was fired by Taft for insubordination.
Who was Richard A. Ballinger?	The Secretary of the Interior from Seattle, who opened over 1 million acres of waterpower sites and federal coal lands in Alaska for commercial use, but he resigned in 1911, even after he was formally exonerated.
How did President William Howard Taft respond to the controversy?	Taft supported Ballinger and the westerners, who believed that the land was being underdeveloped, and he fired Pinchot, but his action tarnished his reputation.
How did the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy impact the Congressional government?	The Democrats, who had voted to investigate Ballinger started to rebel against the Republican majority in 1910 by uniting with the 40 Progressive Republicans and overriding a ruling by Speaker Cannon.
Who was Speaker Joseph G. Cannon?	The Republican from Illinois, who held a stranglehold on procedures with his power to appoint all committees and chairmen, and his control of the Rules Committee.
Who was George W. Norris?	A Republican from Nebraska, whose new rules were adopted, included enlarging the Rules Committee from 5 to 15 members, making them elective, and excluding the Speaker as a member, and inspired Congress to make all committees elective.
What happened during the Congressional elections of 1910?	Taft took a conservative stance in a progressive country, which caused the nation to elect a Democratic majority in the House and enough Democrats to the Senate for the Progressive Republicans to wield substantial power.
How did President Theodore Roosevelt respond to President William Howard Taft's presidency?	Roosevelt remained loyal to Taft, but he was disappointed in his handpicked successor and continued to promote progressivism in 1910.
What was "New Nationalism"?	The policy that Roosevelt advocated, which called for new federal regulatory laws, a social welfare program, and new measures of direct democracy, which included the elements of initiative, referendum, and recall.
What caused President Theodore Roosevelt and President William Howard Taft to officially split?	In 1911, Taft announced an anti-trust suit against United States Steel because it acquired the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company in 1907, which Roosevelt sanctioned to avert business panic.
How did President Theodore Roosevelt react to President William Howard Taft's anti-trust suit?	Roosevelt claimed his was the only sensible solution, and Taft's actions were based on an archaic attempt to restore competition.
Who were the potential candidates for the 1912 election?	The Progressive Republicans intended to back La Follette, but they changed their minds after he spoke on 2/2/1912 and backed Roosevelt, while the more conservative Republicans endorsed Taft.
Why was President Theodore Roosevelt's assessment of President William Howard Taft's presidency inaccurate?	Taft lost his reputation to multiple political controversies, could not repair his divided party, attempted tariff reform that Roosevelt did not, replaced Ballinger and Pinchot with better men, truly "trustbusted", and conserved more than Roosevelt.
What was the Appalachian Forest Reserve Act of 1911?	The legislature that enlarged the national forest through the purchase of land in the East.
What was the Mann-Elkins Act of 1910?	The legislature that empowered the ICC to initiate railroad freight rates, extended regulation of telecommunications companies, and set up the Commerce Court to expedite appeals of the ICC rulings.
What other reforms did President William Howard Taft make?	Taft established the Bureau of Mines and the federal Children's Bureau in 1912.
How did President William Howard Taft expand the United States?	Taft made New Mexico and Arizona states in 1912, and he made Alaska a territory with a government in 1912.
How did President William Howard Taft contribute to the United States Constitution?	Taft supported the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913, which authorized the income tax, and the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, which provided for the popular election of senators.
Who did the Republican Party nominate for the 1912 election?	Although Roosevelt had popular support, Taft was the Republican party leader and the sitting president, so Taft won by 100 votes.
What did President Theodore Roosevelt do in response to his loss at the Republican National Convention?	Roosevelt held a Progressive Party convention in Chicago, Illinois on 8/5/1912, but due to the lack of professional political support, the Progressive Party chose not to run.
What was the result of the election of 1912?	The Republican Party was split, so the Democratic nominee, Thomas Woodrow Wilson won the election.
What was President Thomas Woodrow Wilson's background?	Wilson was the governor of New Jersey, the president of Princeton University, the son of a Presbyterian minister, and he had grown up in the South during the Civil War and Reconstruction.
What did President Thomas Woodrow Wilson believe was the role of the president?	Wilson believed that the president should be the strong leader of party government, an active director of legislation, as well as the administration and enforcement of laws, and more interested in general welfare than special interests.
What did President Thomas Woodrow Wilson prioritize?	Wilson prioritized elitism, strong government, general welfare, the extension of moralism, freedom, and the regulation or elimination of big businesses, organized labor, socialists, and agrarian radicalism.
What did Governor Thomas Woodrow Wilson do to serve his purpose as a reform candidate?	Wilson was a strong leader in a state run by trusts, and his promotion Progressive measures, workers' compensation laws, corrupt-practices laws, regulation of public utilities, and ballot reforms, helped him to garner national attention.
How did Governor Thomas Woodrow Wilson win the Democratic nomination?	Wilson had the support of the southern Democrats and those who opposed political bossism or special privilege, so he defeated Speaker of the House Champ Clark of Missouri by accumulating the voter from Oscar Underwood and William Jennings Bryan.
What did all the candidates in the 1912 election have in common?	All the candidates believed that the old notion of the laissez-faire government was bankrupt, and modern conditions required active measures to promote the general welfare, but they differed on the nature and extend of their activism.
Who was John Schrank?	The mentally-disturbed New Yorker, who believed any president seeking a third term should be shot and shot Roosevelt on his way to a speech in Milwaukee.
Who were the front runners in the 1912 election?	The 1912 election was a debate over the competing ideologies of Roosevelt, New Nationalism, and Wilson, New Freedom.
What was New Nationalism in 1912?	The political policy of Roosevelt, which was presented in The Promise of American Life by Herbert Croly in 1909 and summarized as Hamiltonian means to achieve Jeffersonian ends or big businesses need big government.
What was New Freedom?	The political policy of Wilson, which was presented by Louis D. Brandeis as the belief that federal government should restore the competition among small economic units, break up trusts, lower tariffs, and disperse financial power on Wall Street.
Why was the 1912 election significant?	It was a high point for Progressivism, featured primaries for the first time, was a high point for Socialism, gave Democrats power for the first time since the Civil War, had unified the North and the South, and made the Republicans more conservative.
How was President Thomas Woodrow Wilson a politician?	He courted both popular and Congressional support, used patronage to reward friends and punish enemies, relied on party loyalty, utilized the party caucus, and settled disagreements amongst Democrats.
What was the problem with tariffs that President Thomas Woodrow Wilson faced?	Wilson saw that tariffs were being abused by corporations to suppress foreign competition, maintain high prices, and protect trusts, although they were intended to protect infant industries from foreign competition.
What was the Underwood-Simmons Tariff?	The law Wilson passed in 1913 that reduced import duties on most goods, lowered the average duty from 37% to 29%, exempted 300 goods including consumer goods and raw materials, lowered tariff rates, and raised federal revenue with the 16th amendment.
What was the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?	The new national banking system, in which regional banks answered to a central directors board, the 12 Federal Reserve banks could issue currency to their member banks for 6% of the capital and a portion of the reserves stored in the Federal banks.
What was the impact of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?	The legislature allowed bank reserves to be pooled for greater security, currency and bank credit to become more elastic, and the concentration of reserves on Wall Street decreased; thus, it was government intervention in the delicate parts of the nation.
What was the Federal Trade Commission?	The cornerstone of Wilson's anti-trust program created in 1914 and contained a 5-member commission that replaced Roosevelt's Bureau of Corporations, defined "unfair trade practices" in the Sherman Anti-Trust, and acted against unfair competition.
Who was Henry D. Clayton?	A Democrat from Alabama, who was part of the House Judiciary Committee and drafted an anti-trust bill in 1914 that outlawed price discrimination, "tying" agreements, interlocking directorates that connected extremely large corporations.
How did the Conservatives undermine Henry D. Clayton's bill?	The Conservatives added the phrase "where the effect may be to substantially lessen competition" and allowed for broad review of the FTC in order to weakened them.
How did President Thomas Woodrow Wilson respond to the Conservatives undermining Henry D. Clayton's bill?	Wilson made corporate officials individually responsible for violations of the bill, and he allowed the victims of price discrimination or tying agreements to sue for compensation up to three times the damages they suffered.
How did agrarian activists modify Henry D. Clayton's bill?	The agrarian activists used organized labor to win a stipulation that declared farm-labor organizations were not unlawful combinations in restricting trade, but it only really affirmed that labor unions could exist.
How did President Thomas Woodrow Wilson's nonbelligerent personality undermine the Federal Trade Commission?	Wilson wanted the FTC to be a counsellor and friend to the businesses, but this resulted in the FTC becoming passive and abandoning its role as a watchdog, so the Conservatives took over the ICC and the FTC.
What did President Thomas Woodrow Wilson do for social justice?	Wilson endorsed only state action for women's suffrage and the La Follette Seamen's Act, but he did not support federal action for women's suffrage, child-labor legislation, and support for rural credits.
What was the La Follette Seamen's Act?	The important piece of social justice legislature Wilson signed on 3/4/1915, which strengthened shipboard safety requirements, reduced the power of sea captains, set minimum food standards, required regular wage payments, and did not charge deserters.
Who was affected by Progressivism?	Wilson upheld racism, white supremacy, segregation, the views of the KKK and disagreed with the KKK's methods, black enfranchisement, and black political involvement.
How did President Thomas Woodrow Wilson gain Progressive support for the 1916 election?	Wilson courted all Progressives because Roosevelt was not running, and he won their support by appointing Brandeis, the Jewish social justice champion, to the Supreme Court.
What was the Federal Farm Loan Act?	The legislature Wilson enacted in 1916 that established special banks that sponsored long-term, farm loans.
What was the Federal Farm Loan Board?	The group of twelve Federal Land banks that paralleled the region Federal Reserve banks and offered farmers loans of 5 to 40 years duration with low interest.
What was the Warehouse Act?	The 1916 legislature Wilson enacted that authorized federal licensing of private warehouses, and federal backing to make their receipts for stored produce acceptable for collateral for short-term loans.
What was the Smith-Lever Act?	The legislature in 1914, which provided federal grants-in-aid for farming demonstration agents under the supervision of land grant colleges.
What was the Smith-Hughes Act?	The 1917 legislature, which extended agricultural and mechanical education to high schools through grants-in-aid.
What was the Federal Highways Act?	The legislature that provided dollar-matching contributions to states with highway departments that met certain federal standards.
How did the policies of President Thomas Woodrow Wilson contrast with those of President Andrew Jackson?	Wilson distributed $75 million over 5 years for internal improvements and organized the Federal Reserve system, both of which departed from Jackson's policies against internal improvements and national banking.
What was the Keating-Owen Act?	The legislature that excluded goods made by children under the age of 14 from interstate commerce, but the Supreme Court overruled it because regulating interstate commerce did not extend to the condition of the labor.
What was the Adamson Act?	The 1916 legislature that deferred a railroad union strike by granting the workers an 8-hour workday, time and a half for overtime, and a commission to regulate the working conditions.
How were the Progressive reforms undermined?	Progressivism undermined by being primarily middle class, conservative leaders, racism, well-financed publicity campaigns, and clever politicians.

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A.P.U.S.H. Ch. 24

The Progressive Era