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commuicable diseases
prevention, rashes, immunization, AIDS, bioterrorism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chicken pox, source | primarily secretions of the respiratory tract of infected persons; to lesser degree skin lesions. |
| s/s of chicken pox | Begins with mild fever. Macules, papules, vesicles, and pustules. Scabs form later. |
| When is it contagious? | Incubation Period: 2-3 weeks. Contagious Period: probably 1 day prior to eruption and 6 days after crusts form on vesicles. |
| nursing interventions for chicken pox | Trim fingernails to prevent scratching. Do not remove scabs prematurely. Administer calamine lotion. Isolate from others. |
| what is done to prevnt it? | Vaccine is now routinely administered. Acyclovir (Zovirax) or immune globulin (VZIG) is given to immunosuppressed children who are exposed. |
| German Measles source | primarily nasopharyngeal secretions of infected person; also present in blood, urine, and stool. |
| s/s of German Measles | Mild fever and sore throat. Maculopapular rash. Enlarged glands at back of neck. |
| when is it contagious? | Incubation Period: 2-3 weeks. Contagious Period: 7 days before to 5 days after rash appears. |
| what are the nursing interventions? | Avoid exposing women in early months of pregnancy. Give plenty of rest and employ comfort measures. Antipyretics. Analgesics. |
| How is it prevented? | Prevention: all infants should receive vaccine, with boosters at preschool age. All children should be immunized prior to starting school with MMR vaccine. |
| How is Hep A contracted? | fecal-oral route, usually from contaminated food or water. |
| Hep A s/s | Fever. Anorexia. Headache. Abdominal pain. Malaise. Jaundice. Dark urine. Chalk-like bowel movements. |
| when is it contagious? | Incubation Period: 15-50 days (average 25-30). Contagious Period: uncertain, virus may be shielded for 6 months in neonates. |
| what are the interventions? | Avoid ingestion of fecal-contaminated water; swimming in contaminated water or shellfish from such water. Proper hand washing. Standard precautions essential. |
| What are the preventive measures? | Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for children traveling to endemic areas. Injection of gamma globulin gives temporary immunity when exposed. Vaccine is required for all children in some states. |
| Hep B source | blood or blood products contaminated with HBV; exchange of blood or any body secretion; intimate physical contact; mother to infant. |
| Hep B s/s | Patient may lack symptoms with initial onset, or may be more insidious. Symptoms same as type A, but more serious. Can manifest liver pathology. |
| when is it contagious? | Incubation Period: 30-180 days (average 50). Contagious Period: uncertain, may persist in carrier state years to lifetime. |
| what are the interventions? | Avoid direct contact with blood or blood products. Identify high-risk mothers and newborns. Educate concerning need for vaccination. |
| what are the preventive measures? | Immunize with HBV vaccine during newborn period. Interferon or reverse transcriptase inhibitors may be an effective treatment. Immune globulin may be indicated for exposed, susceptible children. |
| Infectious Mononucleosis | oral secretions, spread by direct contact only. |
| S/s of Mono | Low grade fever. Malaise. Jaundice. Enlarged spleen. |
| when is Mono contagious? | Incubation Period: 4-6 weeks. Contagious Period: unknown; spread by direct contact only. |
| interventions for mono | Rest and supportive treatment; isolation if required. Provide school tutoring to maintain grade level. |
| Preventive measures for Mono? | Limit contact with saliva. Do not share eating utensils. |
| measles source | respiratory tract secretions, blood, and urine of infected person. |
| Measles s/s | Fever, cough, and conjunctivitis. Koplik's spots. Maculopapular rash erupts. |
| when is measles contagious? | Incubation Period: 2-3 weeks. Contagious Period: from 4 days before to 5 days after rash appears. |
| Interventions for Measles | Symptomatic care. Isolate and provide quiet activities. Utilize measures to reduce eyestrain caused by photophobia. Detailed oral care. |
| preventitive measures for Measles? | Vaccine at 15 months. If exposed without vaccine, gamma globulin may be given after exposure. Vitamin A is recommended to reduce morbidity. |
| How are Mumps carried or contracted? | saliva of infected persons. |
| s/s of Mumps | Fever, headache, and vomiting. Painful swelling of glands near ear and jaw line. Enlarged parotid gland. May be bilateral. |
| when are Mumps contagious? | Incubation Period: 14-21 days (average 18d). Contagious Period: prior to, and until all swelling subsides. |
| Interventions of Mumps | Encourage fluids. Isolate. Ice compresses to neck for comfort. |
| prevention for mumps | MMR vaccine after 15mts of age. |
| what is polio caused by? | caused by infection with the poliovirus. |
| what are the s/s of polio? | Headache, fever. Stiff neck and stiff back. Paralysis. |
| when is polio contagious? | Incubation Period: 7 – 14 days. Contagious Period: 1 week for throat secretions; 4 weeks for feces. |
| what are the nursing interventions for polio | Isolate. Bed rest. Observe for respiratory distress. Position; physiotherapy. Range of movement exercises. |
| what is the means of prevention for polio? | Start complete series of polio vaccines in infancy. May require respirator care. |
| hOW IS Tuberculosis spread? | airborne; contact with an infected person. |
| Tuberculosis s/s | Low grade fever, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, cough, and night sweats. Positive tuberculin skin test. Immunocompromised patients, such as with AIDS, are at increased risk. |
| When is tuberculosis contagious? | Incubation Period: 2-10 weeks. Contagious Period: after treatment when cough subsides. |
| Interventions for Tuberculosis | Isolate newborn from infected mother. Identify contacts. Isolate using a special mask. |
| prevention for tuberculosis | early detection by tuberculin skin test (PPD). |
| whooping cough source | discharge from respiratory tract of infected person. |
| s/s of whooping cough | Begins with cold-like symptoms, fever, cold, cough. Spells of coughing, accompanied by a noisy gasp for air that creates "whoop“. |
| When is whooping cough contagious? | Contagious Period: 5-21 days (average 10d). Infectious Period: several weeks. |
| what are the interventions for whooping cough? | Isolate, bed rest. Provide abdominal support during coughing spell. Re-feed child if he/she vomits. Observe for airway obstruction. |
| how is whooping cough prevented? | vaccine in infancy (DPT). |
| Lime desease is contracted from the deer tick, what are the s/s? | Skin lesions at site of tick bite. Macule with raised border and clear center. May "burn“. Fever. Arthralgia. May lead to heart and neurologic involvement. |
| when is lyme disease contagious? | Incubation Period: 3-32 days. Contagious Period: only spread by infectious ticks. |
| Interventions for lyme disease is education for prevention and exposure. what is prevention for lyme disease? | Wear protective clothing in wooded area. Inspect for ticks following play when camping. Remove tick with tweezers. Inspect pets. |
| How is it treated once contracted? | Treat infections with amoxicillin or doxycycline. |
| Diptheria is spread through contact with a patient or carrier and what are the s/s? | Common cold with purulent nasal discharge. Malaise, sore throat. White or gray membrane forms in the throat, causing respiratory distress. |
| when is diptheria contagious? | Incubation Period: 2-5 days. Contagious Period: usually 2 weeks. |
| Interventins for diptheria include observation and treatment with what? | Observe for respiratory, cardiac, and CNS involvement. Identify contacts for treatment. Intravenous antibiotics and antitoxin. Isolate. |
| what is the method of prevention for diptheria? | DPT vaccine to all infants. q |
| Source of Roseola: viral. Signs & Symptoms: ? | Persistent high (103-105 F) fever that drops rapidly as the rash appears. Macupapular rash is non-pruritic and blanches easily. |
| contagious period? | Incubation Period: 5-15 days. Contagious Period: until rash fades. |
| s/s of Scarlet fever | Tachycardia. Strawberry tongue, pinpoint rash. Circumoral pallor, desquamation. |
| contagious period? | Incubation Period: 2-5 days. Contagious Period: during incubation and clinical illness, may become a carrier. |
| source of scarlet fever is from? | group A beta hemolytic streptococcus |
| interventions for scarlet fever | Respiratory precautions. Bed rest; quiet activity. Teach regarding prevention of streptococcal infections. |
| prevention for scarlet fever | Penicillin therapy is given for 10 days; Culture/treat streptococcal infection. |
| What is the disease that causes a "slapped cheek" appearance? | Fifth disease |
| Macule | circular reddened area |
| Papule | circular reddened are that is elevated |
| Vesicle | circular reddened are that is elevated and filled with fluid |
| pustule | Circular reddened are on skin that is elvated And contains pus |
| scab | dried pustule that is covered with a crust |
| Pathognomonic | A term used to describe a lesion or symptom that is characteristic of a specific illness. |
| A circular reddened area on the skin that is elevated describes what type of rash? | Papule. |
| Immunization | wellness checks include recommended timely immunization schedule verification for age |
| Every visit immunization status is assessed, how does the nurse facilitate immunization? | Must remain alert to signs and symptoms of smallpox because of bioterrorism threats. Education about need for immunizations. Nurse should check label for refrigeration needs. Educate parents and school about immunization schedules. |
| Name three biological agents used as weapons. | 1. Anthrax. 2. Smallpox. 3. Ebola virus. |
| Fifth leading cause of death in the U.S. of children under 15 years old is Pediatric AIDS, how is it transmitted? | Oral, anal or vaginal sex with someone infected. Sharing drug needles and syringes with an infected person. Blood transfusions contaminated with the virus.Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and human milk all can transmit the AIDS virus |
| how is it not transmitted? | Oral, anal or vaginal sex with someone infected. Sharing drug needles and syringes with an infected person. Blood transfusions contaminated with the virus. |
| How is the pathophysiology affecting the pt? | HIV attacks lymphocytes. Imbalance between the helper T cells that support the immune system, and the suppressor T cells that shut it down. Over time, the number of helper cells drops. |
| what are the manifestations? | Failure to thrive or developmental delays. Repeated respiratory infectious. Chronic ear infections and sinusitis. Chronic diarrhea. Recurrent fever. Anemia. |
| what are further manifestations of AIDS? | Hepatosplenomegaly. Oral candidiasis (thrush). Lymphadenopathy. No response to treatment of infections. Herpes viruses and cytomegalovirus. |
| How is AIDS dx evaluated? | ELISA and Western Blot not as reliable in diagnosing infants and young children. Based on clinical signs and symptoms defined by the CDC. Presence of risk factors associated with AIDS in the mother. |
| what are supportive/preventive measures for treating AIDS? | Supportive measures for other symptoms. Preventing the transmission of the virus. Provide supportive care to promote growth and development to child and family. Introduce families to support agencies. |
| what are medical treatments for AIDS? | Didanosine (DDI), Nevirapine, and Invirase or Ritonavir are sometimes used. Antimicrobial therapy and antipyretics given for active infections. |
| Nursing care for the AIDs pt includes | Support child and family with grieving process. Encourage discussion of feelings related to the stigma of AIDS. Education concerning long-term compliance with prescribed medication. Nurse should be alert for central nervous system involvement. |
| List three ways in which children can acquire the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). | . Contact with an infected mother at birth. 2. Sexual contact with an infected person. 3. Use of contaminated needles or contact with infected blood. |
| Initial observation (quick examination): | Appearance. Respiratory effort. Skin color. |
| Triage categories: | Immediate. Delayed. Minimal. Expectant. |
Created by:
redhawk101
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