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Chapter 21 Section 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the Gilded Age? | The Gilded Age was a period of time when inequality between wealthy business owners and workers who worked in terrible conditions was showed. |
| What were political machines? | Political machines were powerful organizations that used illegal and legal methods to get their candidates votes. |
| Give some examples of the type of methods the political machines used. | They would stuff ballot boxes, pay voters and bribe them. |
| Who led the political machines? | They were called bosses and they traded favors for votes. |
| Give some examples of how the bosses would get votes for the candidates. | They would hand out city jobs to unqualified people or allow an illegal business to operate. |
| Who did political machines get most of their support from? | Immigrants and poor families because they were in need of jobs, houses, and money. |
| What was Tammany Hall? | Tammany Hall was a famous political machine in NYC. |
| How did Tammany Hall reward their members? | They rewarded them with over 12,000 jobs. |
| Who was Tammany Hall's leader? | William Marcy Tweed. |
| What did Americans begin to think of President Grant? Why? | They thought that he was corrupt because the Whiskey Ring Scandal and Union Pacific Way Scandal that happened under his term. |
| What was the Whiskey Ring Scandal? | Whiskey makers bribed federal officials to get out of paying taxes. |
| What was the Union Pacific Way Scandal? | The company bribed Congress into giving them government funds. |
| What did the scandals lead to? | America questioning the honesty of their leaders. |
| What was the spoils system? | The practice of giving jobs to the winning candidates' supporters. |
| How did reformers feel about the spoils system? | They wanted to end it and they made it so that only qualified people could get government jobs. |
| How did President Rutherford B. Hayes help reform? | He fired a powerful member of the NY Republican political machine. |
| Which president attempted reforms but got shot? | President James A. Garfield |
| Who was Chester A. Arthur and what did he do? | He was a president who passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act which set up a merit system for awarding federal jobs. |
| Who were Progressives? | They were a group of reformers in the late 1800s who were working to improve society. |
| What did Progressives work to get rid of? | Crime, poverty, disease, and corruption. |
| What did Progressives promote? | Education and better working conditions. |
| Who were muckrakers? | They were journalists that exposed the filthy things about the society. |
| What did muckrakers write about? | They wrote about issues such as child labor, racial discrimination, slum housing, and corruption in business and politics. |
| Who was Lincoln Steffens and what did he write about? | He was a muckraker who exposed corruption in city government. |
| Who was Ida B. Tarbell and what did she write about? | She was a muckraker who wrote articles about the unfair business practices of the Standard Oil Company. |
| Who was Upton Sinclair and what did he write about? | He was a muckraker who exposed unsanitary practices in the meat-processing industry in his novel, The Jungle. |
| Who did muckrakers influence? | Voters who pressured politicians to reform. |
| What 2 things did urban reforms lead to? | New professions, education |
| What were some of the new professions? | Engineers, city planners, sanitation officers |
| How did reformers affect education laws? | Laws were created that required children to go to kindergarten to learn basic skills. |
| Who was Philosopher John Dewey? | Supporter of young children's education, taught kids problem solving skills to help with everyday life |
| What was the problem with medical education? What was the solution? | Problem: researchers know cause of disease, but no trained doctors or medical orgs Solution: American Medical Association (AMA) which brought together medical orgs and promoted public health |
| How did progressives try to take away political machine power? Give examples. | Reforming gov practices replacing corrupt ballots pressure states to have secret ballots (voter privacy) |
| What was the 17th Amendment? | Allowed Americans to vote for Senators directly |
| Direct Primary: | Voters choose candidate for party instead of party leaders choosing |
| Recall: | Citizens can remove politican from office by signing petition = recall votes many recall votes = removal from office |
| Initiative: | Allow voters to propose new law by getting petition signed |
| Referendum: | Allowed voter to approve/reject laws |
| What are 2 forms of business like governments? | Council-manager: voters elect city council -> council elects manager for city Commission: elected officials each have a duty in city ex. transportation |
| Who was Robert La Follette? | Republican governor of Wisconsin introduced Wisconsin Idea: made votes of politicians public, reassured voters. |
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imzforever
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