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A & P Ch 19
Intro to Fluids and Electrolytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does PH stand for | PH stands for Parts Hydrogen,Percentage of Hydrogen, or Power of Hydrogen |
| What is A Neutral PH level | 7 is a neutral PH level. anything below 7 is considered Acid which means increased Hydrogen Ions and anything above 7 is Alkaline release hydrogen ions |
| what is Osmorality | Osmorality is the concentration of dissolved materials present in a fluid * Remove fluid = concentrations of substance * Add fluid = Concentraion(dilutes) of Substance |
| what is the hormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland that increases the reabsorbtion of water by the kidneys and returns water to the blood to preserve blood volume | ADH(antidiurectic Hormone) |
| name the condition in which there is a elevated level of blood in the blood stream | Polycythemia |
| what are electrolytes | chemicals that dissovle in water and dissociate into their positive and negative Ions, |
| what are the 3 princible fluids in the body | Intracellular fluid, Extracellular fluids plasma and tissue fluid |
| whats is water intoxication | when the osmolarity of blood decreases, and there is too much water in proportion to electrolytes, symptoms include *dizziness *abdominal cramps *nausea *lethargy *convulsions |
| What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid | Potassium(K+) |
| what are cations and anions | Cations are positive ions Anions are negative ions |
| In both tissue fluid and plasma what is the most abundant cation | sodium(Na+) |
| what is the minimum fluid excretion output the kidneys must excrete within and hour | the kidneys must excrete a minimum of 30 Milliliters an hour of urine to eliminate waste products from the body |
| what is the normal PH range of blood | 7.35-7.45 anything below 6.8 or above 7.8 is not compatible with life |
| what is the normal range of potassium(k+) | 3.8-5.0 |
| name two conditions which result from the imbalance of Potassium(K+) | Hyperkalemia- too much potassium Hypokalemia- not enough potassium |
| what does Aldosterone do | aldosterone increases the reabsorbtion of sodium(Na+) ions by the kidney tubules, and water from the renal filtrate follows the sodium(Na+) ions back to the blood |
| when is Aldosterone secreted | Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal glands when the sodium(Na+) concentration of teh blood decreases or whenever there is a significant decrease in blood pressure |
| which gland stimulates the release of ADH(antidiurectic hormone) from the posterior pituitary gland | the hypothalamus |
| when does the hypothalamus stimulate the posterior pituitary gland to secrete ADH(antidiuretic hormone) | in the state of dehydration |
| what are some factors that might contribute to water loss | Excessive sweating, hemorrhage, diarrhea,vomiting, severe burns, and fever |
| what are some functions of fluids(water) | transportation route to deliver nutrients to the cells and carry waste products from cells. acts as a lubricant aids in tjhe maintenance of acid-base balance assists in the heat regulation via evaporation |
| which electrolyte is located inside the cell and which one is located outside the cell | inside cell Potassium outside cell sodium |
| what is fluid balance regulated by | kidneys various hormones thirst |
| what part of the kidney in responsible for fluid regulation | the nephron |
| which part of the nephron detects when the blood pressure drops and causes renin | the glomerulus |
| what does renin do | Renin tells the blood vessels to be smaller(Vasoconstriction) It tells the adrenal gland to make aldosterone (which tells the kidneys to save salts). It tells the body to drink more water. All of this makes the blood pressure go up. |
| what is the rate at which nephrons filter blood at | nephrons filter blood at a rate of 120 ml per min or about 180 l per day |
| where are the adrenal glands located | supperior to the kidneys |
| name 2 conditions which result from the imbalance of sodium | hypernatremia- to much sodium hyponatremia- not enough sodium |
| what is the normal range of sodium | 136-142 |
| what does mEq/l mean | Millieqivalents per liter |
| maintence of the acid-base homeostasis is accomplished by what | the buffer systems in the body fluids, the rate and depth of respiration, and the kidneys |
| what is exhale by the respiratory system as a waste product | carbon dioxide |
| which condition is caused when carbon dioxide cannot be exhaled as fast as it is formed during cell respiration, and results in formation of excess hydrogens | acidosis |
| what are solutes | substances that can be dissolved in a solution |
| what is isotonic | when solutions are equally concentrated |
| what is hypertonic | when one solution has more solutes than the other |
| what is hypotonic | when one solution has less solutes than the other |
| what is diffusion | the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| what is osmosis | the movement of water from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration |
| what is the force pressing outward on a vessel wall called | hydrostatic pressure |
| whats the differnce between passive transport and active transport | active tranport requires energy and passive does not |
| what is milliequivalent | the measure of the chemical activity or chemical cobining power of an ion |
| where does the major source of sodium come from | major source of sodium comes from diet |
| what are some functions of sodium | requlation of water balance, stimulates conduction of nerve impulses, controls contractibility of muscles including heart |
| what is tetany | A combination of signs and symptoms, due usually to low calcium |
| what is the condition that results from breathing more rapidly in which increases the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled causing fewer carbon dioxide molecules and fewer hydrogen ions are formed and PH tends to rise | alkalosis |
| how does the respiratory system affect PH | the repiratory system regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the body fluids |
| what is needed to do when the PH level is at 9 | the hydrogen ions need to be reabsorbed inorder to lower the alkaline level back to neutral |
| what is the base to acid ratio | 20-1 |
| how does acidosis affect the CNS | acidosis depresses the synaptic transmission in the CNS resulting in confusion, coma, death |
| how does alkalosis affect the CNS | Alkalosis increses synaptic transmission in the CNS and PNS resulting in irritability, muscles spasms, and convulsions |
| what does the blood buffer do | creates a chemical reaction inorder to breakdown a strong acid into a weak acid which has little effect on PH and salt which has no affect on PH |
| how long does it take the blood buffer to react to imbalance | seconds |
| how effective is the respiratory buffer | 50-75 percent |
| how long does it take the respiratory buffer to react to imbalance | minutes |
| what are some causes of respiratory acidosis | decreased rate of respirations, emphysema, asthma, pnuemonia, paralysis of respiratory muscles |
| water makes up what percent of total bodyweight | 55%-75% |
| where is two-thirds of the total water volume of the body located | in the cells |
| where in the kidney is the sodium reabsorbed | the asscending part of the loop of henle |
| where is there is the water reabsorbed in the kidney | in the kidney tubule |
| what causes the kidney to reabsorb water | ADH(antidiuretic hormone) |
| what causes the kidney to reabsorb sodium | aldosterone |
| when aldosterone causes the kidneys to reaborb sodium it also causes the kidneys to excrete what | potassium |
| what regulates the blood levels of calcium and phosphate | parathyroid hormone and calitonin |
| what electorlyte is essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells | sodium |
| name 2 conditions that result from the imbalance of calcium | hypercalcemia to much calcium, hypocalcemia not enough calcium |
| what are fluid sites called | water compartments |
| the other process(besides filtration) in which water moves from one compartment to another is | osmosis |
| what detects changes in the osmorality of body fluids | the hypothalamus in the brain contains osmorecepters that detect changes in the osmorality of body fluids |
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tony1023
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