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Radiation Physics 1
Darcie Chap 1-4: Physics pt 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of a natural science? | A science that deals with the objects, phenomena, or laws of nature and the physical world. |
| What are the 2 branches of natural sciences? | Physical & Biological |
| What are the 4 Physical Sciences? | Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy-heavenly bodies, Geology-study of the earth |
| What are the 4 Biological Sciences? | Zoology-animals, Botany-plants, Virology-viruses, Anatomy-study of body structure. |
| What is Chemistry? | The study of matter & how it changes. |
| What is Physics? | The study of energy & matter & their relationship |
| What are the 3 measurable quantities or Standards? | Length, Mass, Time ((Base building blocks of all other quantities) |
| What are the 3 TYPES or systems of units we use? | Conventional/Amer-Inches,pounds,seconds; CGS/Brit--centimeters,grams,seconds ; MKS-meters,kilograms,seconds (SI/metric/MKS) |
| What is energy? | The ability to do work (work =force applied over a distance) |
| What is matter? | Anything that occupies space |
| What are the 3 forms of matter? | Liquid, solid, gas |
| What is mass? | The quantity of matter (weight). (Kg, G, or Lb's) |
| What is Power? What is the formula for Power? | The Rate of doing work. P=work/t=F*d/t (work=F*d & F=m*a) |
| How is Power measured? | By Watts (amperage*voltage) |
| What is Potential Energy? | Energy at rest |
| What is Kinetic Energy? | Energy in motion |
| What is work? Formula: | The force applied times the distance over which it is applied. W=F*d (Joules) |
| What is weight? | The force on a body caused by the pull of gravity (the product of mass & acceleration of gravity on Earth or Moon) |
| What is Momentum? Formula? | Product of mass & velocity(speed) represented by P. P=m*v (Kg per meter per second) |
| What is the measurement for energy? | Joules |
| What is Force? Formula? (2nd Law of Motion) | A push or pull (exerted) on an object. F=m*a (Newtons) The force that acts on an object is equal to mass of object multiplied by the acceleration produced |
| What is Acceleration? Formula: | (Speeds Up)The rate of change of velocity with time. v(overscore)=(V subf + v sub0)/2 (f=final & 0=initial) Deceleration/slows down |
| What is Velocity? Formula: | Speed: A measure of how fast something is moving, or the rate of change of its position with time. v=d/t (d is distance traveled in time t) |
| What are statics? | Objects at rest. |
| What are dynamics? | Objects in motion. |
| What are the 7 derived quantities? | Energy, work, Power, Momentum, force, velocity, acceleration |
| What are the 4 Special quantities? | Exposure, Dose, Equivilant dose, Activity |
| What is the mechanics of physics? | A segment of physics that deals with static & dynamic objects. |
| What is Exposure? | The measure of (quantity) ionizations produced IN AIR by xray or gamma rays--Conv=(R)Roentgens, SI=2.58x10^(-4)C/Kg |
| What is Newton's Law of Conservation of Energy & Matter? | Energy/Matter can neither be created nor destroyed, it simply changes from one form to another. |
| What is Thermal Energy (heat)? | The kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules |
| What are the Conventional & SI measurements for patient dose? | R--Roentgen = Conventional. 2.58 x 10^4C/kg = SI (C--Coulomb=charge/unit of electrical quantity |
| What is dose? | Amount of radiant energy absorbed in any tissue (air,fat,muscle,bone) |
| Define Gamma rays: | Natural-coming from inside the nucleus of an atom. |
| Define X-rays: | Man-made--produced outside the nucleus of an atom. |
| What is a second? | Standard unit of time based upon the vibration of atoms of cesium. |
| 1 yard = ___ meter | 0.9144m |
| 1 inch = ___ cm | 2.54cm |
| 1 pound = ___ Kg | 2.2Kg |
| 1 inch = ___ meter | 0.0254M |
| What are the 2 types of rays we are mainly exposed to? | Gamma (natural or nuc med pat's) & Xray (minor secondary scatter from patient or leakage from tube also) |
| What is LET? | Linear Energy Transfer--The measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue: (keV/µm=kilo electron volts/micronmeter)(Alt method of expressing rad Qulty & determ rad. weighting factor) |
| Is high or low LET more ionizing? | High: Low is xray & gamma only. High is beta particles, neutrons, & alpha particles. |
| What types of rays will your OSLD badge read? | X, beta & gamma |
| When is the only time you should possibly be exposed to beta particles or neutrons? | From Radiation Therapy patients |
| When are neutron beams used? | To treat skin cancers in radiation therapy(need chromium filter added to read badge ) |
| How does High LET transfer its energy? | High LET deposits all of its energies in the form of ionization on or near the skin level |
| What is absorbed dose? | Energy transferred from ionizating radiation (any type-beta,x,gamma,neutron) per unit mass of irradiated matter (any tissue--air,fat,muscle,bone) |
| What is the measurement of exposure (absorbed dose)in Patients for conventional & SI? | Rads=Conventional; Grays=S/I; 100 Rads= 1Gy |
| What is Dose Equivalent? | Personnel dose measurement of quantity & quality for radiation exposure. |
| What is the measurement of Dose Equivalent (Personnel dose) for Conventional & SI? | Rem (radiation equiv to man)=conventional; sV (sievert)= S/I; (1sV = 100rem) Formula:Rad or (Gy)(exposure factor)x weighting factor=REM (sv) |
| RAD's go with ___ | Rem's |
| Gray's go with ___ | Sievert's |
| If you have 3 mRad with a weighting factor of 3, what would your dose equivalent be? | 9msV |
| What is radioactivity? | The rate of decay/breakdown of radioactive material. |
| What are the 4 ways we measure radioactivity? | Curie (Ci)--conventional; Becquerel (Bq)--S/I; Half-Life Physical--sits on table, reaches each 1/2 life; Half Life Biological-- physical + once in your body start metabolizing/breaking it down (based upon an avg.) |
| What is Chemical energy? | Energy released by a chemical reaction (ie- latent image/auto processor, osld, etc.) |
| What is Mechanical energy? | Involves both potential & kinetic--converts motion into current (ie: hand-crank light bulb, windmill, generators, etc.) |
| What is Electrical energy? | The flow of current; when the circut is closed, current will flow (movement of electrons across tube=tube current) |
| What is a Circuit? | The pathway for a current to flow. The circuit must be closed for the current to flow. If light switch off, circuit open, if on, it's closed, lights work. |
| 3 ways to Transfer heat energy? | Conduction=touching/rubbing/friction; Convection=mechanical transfer from hot gas/liquid to another place(radiator/furnace); Radiation--vibration of electrons thru body gives off heat (or reddish glow emitted by hot objects evidence of heat transfer) |
| What are the 3 measurements of temperature? | Fahrenheit (US) = 9/5c+32 Celsius =5/9(f-32) Kelvin (scientific) |
| What form of energy are Xrays & gamma rays? | Electromagnetic radiation |
| Visible light, microwaves, infrared,& Rf waves are _____ | Non-ionizing |
| Cosmic, UV, & x, & gamma rays are _____ | Ionizing |
| Where do we use RF waves in diagnostic? | MRI |
| High Kvp, ____ energy ____ wavelength ____frequency | high, short, high |
| Wavelengths are measured in ______ | angstroms (A°) |
| Frequency is measured in _____ | Hertz (Hz) |
| What is Nuclear Energy? | Energy contained w/in the nucleus (of an atom) |
| What are 2 types of particulate radiation? | Alpha & beta particles |
| What types of radiation does your OSLD badge read? | X, Beta, Gamma |
| What is Half-Life? | Amount of time for radio-active source to reduce to 1/2 of it's intensity (never reaches 0); (use semi-log form for more than 3 half-lifes) |
| What is the diagnostice range of wavelengths? | .1 to .5 A° (angstrom) |
| What is Physical 1/2 life? | Natural decay time (sit on table) |
| What is Biological 1/2 life? | Physical + metabolic (based upon an avg body) |
| What is a Photon? What is an Xray Photon? | A discreet bundle of energy. Smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy. |
| What is Electromagnetic Attenuation? | Reduction in intensity that results from scattering & absorbtion. |
| What is a wavelength? | The distance from crest to crest (λ) |
| What is frequency (f)? | Number of wavelengths per given unit (Hz per second) |
| What type of relationship does wavelength & frequency have at a given velocity? | Indirectly Proportional |
| Characteristic Xrays have ______ type of energy & ______ wavelengths | Monoenergetic; Homogeneous |
| Brem's Xrays have ____ type of energy & ____ wavelengths | Polyenergetic; heterogeneous |
| What is ionization? | Removal/addition of an electron from an atom's shell |
| Xray Voltage is measured in ____ | Kilovolts Peak (Kvp) |
| Xray (tube) Current is measured in ____ | milliamperage (mA) |
| For a satisfactory xray, you must have ____voltage & _______ electric current | high; sufficient |
| What is Inertia? (1st Law of Motion) | Resistance to change of any kind of motion (stay still or keep moving). A body will remain at rest/continue to move w/constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by external force. |
| Action/Reaction: Newton's 3rd Law of Motion: | For every action, there is an equal & opposite reaction (push/pull) |
| Trace Path of Energy thru Xray Production: K=Kinetic P=Potential T=Thermal TIE=ThermoIonic Emmission X=Xray | Flow of current= K Cathode=P Rotar/heat filament=T Filament boils off=TIE Boiled off,sitting=P Exposure switch/pot diff=K Tungsten Target,stops=T & X |
| What is Analysis? | breaking it down |
| What is Synthesis? | putting it back together |
| What is a Hypothesis/Theory? | an Idea/conclusions |
| What is a Law? | A proven Theory or Hypothosis |
| What are the steps of the scientific method? | 1. ask qu's 2. plan your method 3. experiment 4. collect/record data 5. come to conclusion 6. research topic 7. think of idea/theory |
| What is Radiobiology? | Study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biologic tissue |
| What is an atom? | The smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided/broken by chemical means (& still has properties of element) |
| What is an element? | A substance that can't be broken down any further without changing it's chemical properties |
| What is Ionization? | Knocks/adds an electon out of shell |
| What is Excitation? | Vibration-not strong enough to knock of shell, but sits & vibrates |
| Describe how changes at the atomic level can lead to a dysplastic cell: | change in an atom= change in a molecule= change in a cell= change in a tissue= cancer (dysplastic cell) |
| On the Periodic Table, each Verticle group/family represents what? | Elements with similar chemical properties (most important classification) |
| On the Periodic Table, each Horizontal Period represent what? | Elements with the same # of electron shells BUT different chemical properties |
| Name the historical atomic structures: Bohr (current) Thomson Dalton Greek (medievel-oldest) | 1.Nucleus & orbital electron @ periphery. 2. carrots or plum pudding 3. balls w hooks 4. 4 separate pyramids (earth, wind, fire, water) |
| What is the Nucleus? | Positive center of an atom |
| What are the 3 fundamental particles of an atom? | Proton+, Neutron0, Electron- |
| What is the Chemical Element? | The number of protons |
| What are Nucleuns? | Particles of the nucleus--protons & neutrons |
| What is an Isotope? | Atom w/same # of protons, but different # of neutrons (=different mass #) |
| What is a Proton? | Positive particle in the nucleus |
| What is an electron? | Negative particle of an atom that orbits @ in shells. Period that it belongs to corresponds with # of shells. |
| What is a neutron? | Uncharged/neutral particle in nucleus that contributes to the mass/weight but not the charge |
| What does the Mass # (A#) represent? | Total # of protons & neutrons in an atom (located at the top R of the element) |
| What does the Atomic # (Z#) represent? | Number of Protons in an atom (located at bottom R of element) |
| What is the K-shell? | Inner most shell/orbit of an atom--most tightly bound; #1, (other shells #'d progressively after: L=2, M=3, N=4,etc) |
| What is the shell formula? | 2N² (max 32 in outer orbit) |
| What are the 4 causes of ionization? | 1. Exposure to X or Gamma rays (patient) 2. Exposure to stream of e- (tube) 3. Spontaneous breakdown of radioactive nuclides (actinium, thorium, uranium) (Physical vs. biological 1/2 life) 4. Exposure of certain elements to light (OSLD, IRs-barium hali |
| What is a Chemical Compound? | any quantity of one type of molecules |
| What is the Octet Rule? | Group of 8 electrons in outermost shell under normal means cannot chemically bind |
| What is Valence? | Outer shell: determines binding (if less than 8 can chemically combine either covalently or ionically |
| What is a Covalent Bond? | When 2 atoms share the same electron (like oxygen & hydrogen for example) |
| What is an Ionic Chemical Bond? | When one atom gives up an electron(becomes more +) & another atom takes on the electron (becoming more -) |
| What are the 2 definitions of a molecule? | 1. An electrically neutral group of at least 2 atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong covalent chemical bonds. 2. Smallest particle of a substance retaining both chemical & physical properties & composed of 2 or more. |
| What is a Compound? | Pure chemical substance sonsisting of 2 or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. |
| What is a Substance? | A biological entity (medication). |
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RadGirl13
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