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F&E Signs Table
StudyTable F&E Imbalances -- signs by body system from Copstead Banasik Pathophy
Imbalance | Heart | Blood Vessels and Interstitial | CNS | Lungs | Skeletal Muscle and Neuromuscu | Gastrointestinal Tract | Kidneys | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
↓ Ca++ | dysrhythmias, impaired myocardial contractility | Seizures | Twitching, cramping, carpal spasm, pedal spasm; Increased excitability, Trousseau sign, Chvostek sign, paresthesias, hyperactive reflexes, tetany | |||||
↑ Ca++ | dysrhythmias | Confusion, lethargy, personality changes | Weakness; Decreased excitability, depressed reflexes | Anorexia, nausea, emesis, constipation | polyuria | Fatigue, headache | ||
↓ Mg++ | dysrhythmias | Insomnia, seizures | Twitching, cramping, grimacing, tremors; Increased excitability, Trousseau sign, Chvostek sign, paresthesias, hyperactive reflexes, tetany | dysphagia | Nystagmus, ataxia | |||
↑ Mg++ | bradycardia, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest | hypotension, flushing | Drowsiness, lethargy | Respiratory depression | Flaccid paralysis; Depressed reflexes | Diaphoresis | ||
↓ Pi | impaired cardiac function, decreased cardiac output | Confusion, stupor, coma, seizures | Respiratory failure | Aching, weakness; Paresthesias, depressed reflexes | Anorexia | Malaise, hemolysis | ||
↑ Pi | If Ca++ remains ↑, damage from deposition of crystals | If Ca++ remains ↑, pruritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis; may cause ↓ Ca++ | ||||||
↓ extracellular volume | tachycardia | Postural BP decrease with concurrent heart rate increase, flat neck veins, ↑ small-vein filling time, thready pulse; ↓ skin turgor, soft, sunken eyeballs; longitudinal furrows in tongue | Dizziness | dry oral mucous membranes, hard stools | Oliguria | Sudden weight loss, sunken fontanel in infants, no tears or sweat, thirst w/ severe ↓ ECV | ||
↑ extracellular volume | distended neck veins, bounding pulse; edema | Crackles, dyspnea, orthopnea, frothy sputum | hepatomegaly | Sudden weight gain, bulging fontanel in infants | ||||
↓ Na+ | Confusion, lethargy, coma, seizures | Anorexia, nausea, emesis | Malaise, headache | |||||
↑ Na+ | Confusion, lethargy, coma, seizures | Oliguria | Thirst | |||||
↓ K+ | dysrhythmias | postural hypotension | Ascending weakness, flaccid paralysis | Abdominal distension, bloating, ↓ bowel sounds, constipation, paralytic ileus | polyuria | |||
↑ K+ | dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest | Ascending weakness, flaccid paralysis | Cramping, diarrhea | Laryngospasm |