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310 Exam1
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Term that means poisoning of tissues; used to describe the presence of infection | Sepsis |
| Transport of an infection throughout the body by the blood | Septicemia |
| Refers to the pathological events that result from the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a host | Infectious disease |
| Bacteria: Single-celled, independently living microorganisms, capable of causing disease in clients | Bacteria |
| Viruses: Living microorganisms composed of particles of nucleic acid and protein that are often membrane bound | Viruses |
| Fungi: Single-celled organisms that include molds and yeasts (Candida) | Fungi |
| Agents causing infection include: | Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites Multi-drug resistant organisms |
| Multicellular organisms that live on other organisms without contributing anything to their hosts | Parasites |
| Microbes, just like humans, adapt to an ever-changing environment to compete for survival | Multidrug-resistant organsims |
| Drug resistant microbial strains include: | VRE MRSA Multidrug resistant TB |
| List the steps in the chain of infection: | -Infectious agent -Source/Resevoir -Portal of exit -Mode of transmission -Portal of entry -Susceptible Host |
| Ability to cause disease depends on its pathogenicity, virulence, invasiveness, and specificity | Infectious agent |
| List the modes of transmission | -Contact transmission -Vehicle transmission -Droplet transmission -Airborne transmission -Vector Borne transmission |
| New term that encompasses infections contracted in healthcare settings | Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) |
| Refers only to hospital-acquired infection | Nosocomial |
| Risk factors in the development of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) | Environment Therapeutic regimen Client resistance: stress, malnutrition |
| rate of nosocomial infections in hospitals have remained stable where | Acute care settings |
| UTI's are the most common infections here, debilitated patients from chronic meds or psychiatric conditions, communicable diseases are common, may be asymptomatic | Extended care facilities |
| waiting rooms, blood draws, toys are common places for the infection in what setting | Ambulatory care settings |
| In this setting he patient may not be well when d/c’d which may cause an increase or reoccuranant infections, PICCs, treatments (dressing changes) | Home care |
| In this setting the risk of infection comes from poor infection control, sinks, bathrooms, food utensils. | Schools and workplace |
| Regulatory agencies involved with Infection control? | CDC JCAHO |
| Refers to measures taken to control and reduce the number of pathogens present | Medical Asepsis |
| Refers to chemical or physical processes used to reduce the numbers of potential pathogens on an object’s surface | Disinfection |
| Refers to the complete destruction of all microorganisms, including spores | Sterilization |
| Chemicals to disinfect the skin – | degermination |
| The Purpose of Written Communication includes: | -Communication -Assessment -Care planning -Quality Assurance -Reimbursement -Legal Documentation -Research -Education |
| The Principles of data entry and management include: | -Accuracy -Completeness -Conciseness -Objectivity -Organization -Timeliness -Legibility |
| Nurses who make healthcare computer systems are known as: | Nursing Informatics |
| SOAP stands for: | -Subjective -Objective -Assess -Plan |
| PIE stands for: | -Problem -Intervention -Evaluation |
| DAR stands for: | -Data -Assess -React |
| Abbreviated forms of documentation include: | -Flow Sheets -Charting by expectation -Clinical Pathways |
| MAR stands for | Medication Administration Record |
| SBAR stands for: | -Situation -Background -Assessment -Recommendations |
| What are the phases of Client Relationships | -Orientation -Working -Termination |
| First phase, etsblishes trust and report | Orentation Phase |
| The second phase explores options and solutions | Working Phase |
| The third and final phase involves closure of the relationship | Termination Phase |
| Taking the clients side, supporting the clients rights, what does the patient want | Advocacy |
| Privacy, only those who are in contact with the client | Circle of confidentiallity |
| The ability to perceive and reason | Empathy |
| Treating the client with Warmth, caring, interest, and respect | Positive reguard |
| Ones own personality, values cultural background, and style of communication | Comfortable sense of self |
| Categories of this include Self-Awareness, and Clinical Supervision | Professional self-care |
| Reflection of clinical practice as guided by expert | Clinical Supervision |
| Facilitating Communication includes: | -Open-Ended Question -Opening Remarks -Active Listening -Restatement -Reflection -Exploring -Developing Communication Skills |
| Methods of exploring include: | -Focusing -Encouraging Elaboration -Seeking Clarification -Giving Information -Looking for Alternatives -Using Silence -Summarizing |
| Types of Non-Therapeutic Responses include: | -Rescue Feelings -False Reassurance -Giving Advice -Changing the Subject -Being Moralistic; judgmental -Non-Professional involvement |
| The branch of philosophy dealing with standards of conduct and moral judgement | Ethics |
| The set of beliefs about the standards of right and wrong | Personal Morality |
| Guidelines developed by healthcare to direct professional practices | Institutional Policies |
| Drawn from state, provincial and federal laws | Legal Guidelines |
| Involves principles and values with universal applications and standards of conduct to be upheld in all situations | Professional Ethics |
| Actions are right when they contribute to the greater good and are wrong when they detract from the greater good | Utilitarian |
| Emphasize roles or responsibilities that one is morally obligated to fill. These decisions are based on action | Deontologic |
| Doing or promoting good (Pain Medication) | Beneficence |
| Avoid doing harm, remove from harm (reporting abuse) | Nonmaleficence |
| Means independece and ability to be self-directed (clients rights) | Autonomy |
| THe ability to make ones own healthcare decisions | Capacity |
| When a patient is in a persistent vegetative state, someone needs to decide for them | Surrogate Decision Maker |
| The clients communicated wishes | Advance Directives |
| This specifies types of medical treatment if unable to make the decision for themselves | Living Will |
| This allows a client to designate another person to make decisions | Durable power of attorney for healthcare |
| Principles of fairness | Justice |
| Telling the truth, honesty | Veracity |
| Being faithful to ones commitments and promises, nurses need to provide safety | Fidelity |
| Remaining Personal and Private | Privacy |
| Kept Private, Professional and legal obligation | Confidentiality |
| An action can produce two outcomes; IE providing pain medications for the dying, and respiratory failure | Double Effect |
| Interventions are unlikely to preserve life, restore health, or relieve suffering | Futility |
| Protecting the clients right to self-determination | Informed COnsent |
| Ones level of physical and neurological functioning | Quality of life |
| Benefits and burdens that affect individuals or groups, have compelling influences on the situation (finances) | Contextual features |
| Type of Intentional Torts include | -Assault and Battery -Defamation of Character -Fraud -Invasion of Privacy -False Imprisonment |
| Making a threat | Assualt |
| Carrying out the threat | Battery |
| What does JCAHO stand for | Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization |
| What does ANA stand for? | American Nurses Association |
| What does NPSF stand for? | National Patient Safety Foundation |
| What does AONE stand for? | American Organization of Nurse Exectutives |
| What does AMA stand for? | American Medical Association |
| What are the 5 right? | Right Drug Right Patient Right Dose Right Route Right time |
| A person’s ability to perform primary care functions including bathing, feeding, toileting, and/or dressing without the help of others. | Self-Care |
| The observance of health rules relating to self-care activities and the ability to accomplish independently enhances emotional well-being and health status explain what | hygiene |
| Bathing Promotes: | Removes oils, perspiration, microorganisms----INcreases circulation---Maintains muscle tone---Maintains joint mobility---Provides relaxation and comfort---Provides sense of well being--- A good time to perform Skin Assessment |
| Before a therapuetic bath can be given what needs to happen? | Must have a doctors order |
| Offering and performing a back rub promotes: | Stimulation of crculation---Relax Muscles---Relieve Muscle Tension---Time to perform a Skin Assessment |
| Understanding the physiological mechanisms of skin integrity helps explain the principles of regular bathing is: | To restore skin’s normal pH to a base coating To remove resident bacteria that normally causes disease To cleanse and remove the outer layer of dead skin cells To promote maturation of new skin cells |
| This Biologic Theory states that Errors occur in the transcription of the synthesis of DNA, are perpetuated and eventually lead to systems that no longer function optimally | Error Theory |
| This Biological Theory states that Free radicals accumulate causing cell damage and decreased efficiency | Free Radical Theory |
| This Biological Theory states Proteins in the body become cross-linked with aging disturbing normal metabolism and causing an accumulation of waste products | Cross Linkage |
| This Biological Theory states that the Effects of aging are due to damage done to cells and body systems over time aging is the result of use | Wear and Tear Theory |
| This Biological Theory states that Cells stop dividing as they age, inability to divide causes cell death | Programmed Theory |
| This Biological Theory states that Each cell has a programmed aging code stored in it’s DNA; inborn genetic influences predict physical condition, cause and age of death, occurrence of disease and other factors that affect longevity | Gene/Biological Clock Theory |
| This Biological Theory states that Changes occur in the immune system with aging, increasing susceptibility to disease | Immunity Theory |
| This Biological Theory states that Neuroendocrine system becomes less efficient leading to changes in the body which eventually cause the effects of aging (menopause) | Neuroendocrine Theory |
| This Psycho-Social Theory states that the Process of withdrawal from societal roles and responsibilities | Disengagement Theory |
| This Psycho-Social Theory states that Basic personality, attitudes and behaviors remain constant through life | Community Theory |
| This Psycho-Social Theory states that The way to age successfully is to stay active | Activity Theory |
| This Growth and Development Theory states that humans are essentially emotional, responding to instinctive drives without rationality | Psychodynamic Theories |
| This person theorized the importance of childhood experiences on the adult personality. He used 5 phases to pass through while confronting and recieving conflicts. | Freud |
| This person theories where based on Frueds ideas, and encompassed social and cultural influences | Erikson |
| These theories deal with perception and thnking, focuses on development of intellectual processess | Cognitive Theories |
| This persons Cognitive Theory evaluated that human nature is essentially rational, and tasked with mastering the environment | Piaget |
| This persons Cognitive Theory evaluated Moral Development, preconventional, conventional, and postconventional | Kohlberg |
| This persons cognitive theories evaluated that the personallity either introverted or extroverted, balance between two s necessary for optimal health | Jung |
| This person came up with the developmental task theory which evaluates that based on learning and learned behaviors called developmental tasks emanating from biologic, psychological, and social origins across the lifespan. | Havinghurt |
| Havinghurst Developmental Task Theory focused on what stages? | Infancy & early childhood---middle childhood---adolescence---early adulthood---middle age---later maturity |
| How can nurses assist older adult to accomplish developmental tasks? | Encourage client to maintain and establish roles and relationships---Offer maximum opportunities or decision making---Build on client’s unique interests and skills---Listen!---Promote reminiscence |
| The following characterizes what idea? Totally of man’s inner resources Central philosophy of life The “meaning-giving” center of human life influencing all individual and social behavior Trust and faith in a power greater than oneself | Spirituality |
| The following characterize what? One aspect of spirituality An organized practice of beliefs | Religon |
| How can nurses enhance the spirituality of clients? | Presence and acceptance Active listening and touch Value clarification Discuss client’s source of strength and instill hope Conduct a spiritual assessment Call/make referral to clergy Pray or obtain religious articles |
| What are the levels or Maslows Heirarchy? | Physiological---Safety---Love/Belonging---Esteem---Self-Actualization |
| According to Maslow what type of things are important in the Physiological Stage? | Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion |
| According to Maslow what things are included with the Safety stage? | Secrity of: body, employment, resources, morality, family, property |
| According to Maslows stages of Heirarchy Love/Belonging includes what? | Freindship, Family, Sexual Intimacy |
| According to Maslows stages of heirarchy what is included in the level of self-actualization? | Morality, Creativity, Spontaneity, Problem Solving, Lack of Prejudice, Acceptance of Facts |
| Social group whose members share common values, occupy specific positions and interact with each other over time | Family |
| Family Conceptual frameworks include: | Developmental Framework---Systems framework |
| The Family conceptual framework; Systems Frameworks includes what: | ---Feedback loops---Open and close systems |
| Individuals within a family within a community, family members and community institutions | Community |
| At about what temprature does the body begin to experience confusion, slowed reflexes, and/or loss of consiousness? | Between 92-95 |
| At about what temprature does the body begin to experience Brain damage? | 80F |
| What acts as the thermostat that maintains normal body temperature | Hypothalamus |
| This part of the brain makes a person aware of temperature sensation | Cerebral Cortex |
| BMR | Basal Metabolic Rate |
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