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1230 U1 BP
VSNG 1230 Unit 1 Blueprint
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Monozygotic twins | Identical twins derived from one zygote. Share the same genetic material. Always the same sex. |
| Dizygotic Twins | Fraternal twins develop from separate egg and sperm fertilizations. Genetic material is not identical. May or may not be same sex. |
| Risk Factors for Twins | Family Hx of twins, Recent stoppage of oral contraceptive, Tall or large mother, African-American, Fertility Meds, |
| What is the most critical time | 1st trimester when DNA could easily be altered |
| Family Planning | Prevention, contraception, etc. |
| Tasks of Pregnancy | Accept the pregnancy and the baby with it |
| Pre-embryonic Begins at fertilization and lasts until | two weeks after fertilization. |
| Three stages of fetal development | Pre-embryonic, embryonic, fetal. |
| Gender determination occurs | at time of fertilization. This depends on whether the sperm hsa an X or Y chromosome. 50/50 chance! |
| Fetal Stage occurs from | the beginning of the 9th week after fertilization and continues until birth. |
| Fetal stage includes additional growth and maturation of the | organs and body systems. |
| Embryonic Stage lasts from the ned of the 2nd week after fertilization until | the end of the 8th week. |
| Embryonic stage is when the developing conceptus becomes the | embryo. Differentation begins. |
| 3rd week during embryonic stage, three germ layers develop: | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| Teratogens are | substances that cause birth defects. |
| Severity of the defect depends upon when during | development the conceptus is exposed to the teratogen. |
| Types of teratogenic agents: | ingested, infections, environmental |
| Environmental teratogens | ionizing x-rays, radioactive substances, and certain chemicals |
| infectious teratogens | varicella, CMV and rubella |
| ingested teratogens | prescriptions and otc meds, illicit drugs, and alcohol. |
| Unborn baby can be exposed to this even if you have been vaccinated | Rubella |
| Ectopic Pregnancy is when | The zygote implants in places other than the uterus. |
| Ectopic Pregnancy is usually caused by | blockage or scarring of the fallopian tubes either from infection or trauma. |
| Ectopic Pregnancy occurs commonly with | endometriosis. Occurs in 2% of all pregnancies |
| Tubal pregnancies always end in | death. |
| Amniotic cavity begins to develop around 9 days after conception. Amnion is a thick fibrous lining made up of | several layers that helps to protect the fetus. It forms the inner part of the sac in which the fetus grows. |
| Chorion is the second layer of thick fibrous tissue that surrounds the | amnion. |
| Presumptive (Possible) signs of pregnancy | early breast changes, amenorrhea, morning sickness, bladder irritability |
| Probable signs of pregnancy | presence of hCG in blood or urine, uterine growth, Braxton Hicks, Ballottement of fetus |
| Chadwick's Sign | bluish-purplish color of the cervix, vagina, and perineum |
| Hegar's Sign | Softening of the uterine isthmus |
| Goodell's sign | Softening of the cervix |
| Ballottment | examiner pushes on the uterus and feels the fetus push back |
| Positive signs of pregnancy | visualization of fetus by ultrasound, fetal heart sounds, fetal movements palpable, fetal movements visible |
| Starting somewhere around the 6th week of pregnancy hCG begins to be found in the urine. However, hCG in urine is not a positive sign of pregnancy. What could its appearance in the urine be due to? | Choriocarcinoma! |
| Cretinism occurs when there is deficiency in | iodine could lead to Downs |
| Iodine is found in | Salt |
| Fluid leakage is caused when | you lose the mucus plug. Possibly labor time. |
| Couvades Syndrome | Hubby takes on preggy symptoms |
| When to call doctor | When fluid is leaking |
| SSRIs and pregnancy | do not take SSRIs! |
| Fundal height | Height of uterus during pregnancy. Should equal how many qeeks you are after 18th week. |
| Embryonic | End of 2nd week after fertilization until 8th week |
| Amniocentesis | Diagnostic procedure needle inserted into amniotic sac to obtain small amount of fluid for biochemical, chromosomal, and genetic studies. Done between 15-20 weeks. |
| Chronic Villia | Chromosomal studies of fetal cells. Can be done earlier than amnio. Typically performed 8-12 weeks. Done by ultra sounds. |
| MASFP | Maternal serum alpha-fetoproteine screening. Protein in mom's blood used to test down's syndrome |
| Teratogens are | substances that cause birth defects. Severity depends upon development of conceptus and exposure to teratogen |
| Ectopic Pregnancy | Zygote implants in a place other than the uterus. Usually caused by blockage or scarring of fallopian tubes either from infection or trauma. Occurs 2% of pregnancies. Always ends in death. |
| Non-stress Test | Noninvasive way to monitor fetal well being usually around 28 weeks and onward. Monitors fetal heart rate and movement. |
| Conception occurs when sperm penetrates ovum. Ovum is receptive to fertilization approximately | 24-48 hours after release from the ovary. Sperm are viable for 24-72 hours after ejaculation. |
| Fertilzation usually occurs when the ovum is in the | ampulla (outermost half) of fallopian tube. |
| Conception window | 2-5 days before ovulation and until 2 days after ovulation. |
| Most critical time | First 10 weeks of pregnancy. |
| L/S Ratio | Check surfactent level to check babys lung is functioning enough to support respiration outside womb. |
| Amniotic fluid serves 4 purposes: | Physical protection, temp regulation, provision of unrestricted movfement, and symmetrical growth. |
| Amnion layer of uterios produces | amniotic fluid. It is never stagnant. Always circulating. |
| 3 fetal shunts in heart close at birth | ductus venosus, foramen, and ductus anterious. |
| Sex of the baby | occurs at fetilization. |
| Sex of the baby is dependent upon whether | sperm has an x or y chromosome. Xy - Male XX - female (50/50 chance) |
| Fetal movements are usually not felt until the | 16-20th weeks |
| Healthy fetal movements | choose a time of day to relax, laying on the left side and count babys movements. note on paper the time started counting and keep counting until 10 movements. 10 x in 2 hours. if no movement in 2 hours call DOctor!!!~!!$!$!@#$@#R%@!#R% |
| Amnion is a thich fbrous lining made of several layers it helps | protect the fetus. |
| Chorion is the | 2nd layer of thick tissue that surrounds the amnion |
| Placenta | organ that sustains and nourishes the growing pregnancy. |
| Placenta has 3 main functions: | Provide for transfer and exchange of substances, act as barrier, function as an endocrin gland by producing hormones. |
| AVA Circulation | 2 Arteries and 1 Vein in umbilical cord |
| hCG Hormone function | Main function is to sustain corpus luteum at the beginning of the pregnancy. |
| hCG Horomone is found | in mother's blood 4-12 weeks of pregnancy and urine from 6-12 weeks |
| Chadwicks Sign | Changes in vagina when pregnant. Vagina takes on bluish pruple hue cause of vascular congestion |
| 1st trimester task of pregnancy | accept pregnancy |
| 2nd trimester task of pregnancy | Accept Baby |
| 3rd trimester task of pregnancy | Prepare for parenthood |
| If all tasks of pregnancy are not completed this can lead to | post-partum depression and can go into psychosis. |
| Gestational diabetes | increased protein binding during pregnancy Affects most endocrine glands. Need for insulin increases causing women with borderline pancreatic activity before pregnancy to develop gestational diabetes. |
| Sleeping | lay on the left side. |
| Weight gain | First trimester 3-4lbs. / remainder - 1lb per week / total gain 25-35 for women with normal BMI |
| Iron | Needded for the formation of hemoglobin - essential to oxygen carrying capacity of blood - most needed in 2nd half of pregnancy . Increased need after 20 weeks. |
| Folic Acid | b6 vitamin that can prevent 70% of birth defects on CNS, women of child bearing ages 400 mcg |
| Women with sever iodine deficiencies deliver babies with | cretinism. Congenital condition marked by stunted growth and Mild retardation. |
| Vegans and pregnancy | Need extra protein, peanut butter, legumes, beans, tofu, protein shakse. |
| Frequent Urination 1st trimester caused by | The glomerular filtration rate rises by as much as 50 % because of increased CO and decreased renal vascular resistance. |
| Frequent Urination 3rd trimester caused by | pressure of the expanding uterus on the bladder. |
| When women lie flat on their back in latter 1/2 of pregnancy they may experience | supine hypotension. |
| Supine hypotension | the uterus and contents compress the aorta and vena cava agains the spine. The compression decreases the amount of blood returned to the heart. The CO and bP fall, leading to SHS. |
| Anemia is caused by | iron deficiency. baby takes from mother, supplements needed. |
| Heartburn is caused by | relaxation of lower esophogeal sphincter. When relaxed acid content from stomach can back up to lower part of esophagus. |
| Avoiding heartburn | eat small meals, avoid substances: coffee, choco, spicey food. Avoid laying down after meal, avoid laying flat! |
| How to avoid Morning sickness | Begin day with high carb food to help avoid. Change position slowly. Eat small meals through day. Drink small amounts of fluid. |
| When to call the doctor | any dangerous sign such as fever, severe vomitting, HA not relieved by tylenol. Blurred vision, pelvic spasm, sudden edema of face and feet, vaginal bleeding, painful urination, decreased fetal movement, feels something not right, contractions 4x/hour |
| Prolactin | anterior pituitary hormone stimulates glandular production causing thebreast tissue to feel nodular. |
| GTPAL | G - Total # of pregnancy / T - # of term pregnancies (38weeks) / P - # of pregnancies ended after 20 weeks before end of 37 weeks. / A # pregnancies ended before 20wk / L # of children delivered who are alive now |
| Nageles | Add 7 to date of the 1st day of last period then subtract 3 months (way of figuring out due date) |
| Gravida | # of pregnancies |
| Nulligravada | Have not ever been pregnant |
| Multigravida | More than one pregnancy |
| Parity | Outcome of previous pregnancies. |
| SSRIS and pregnancy | Stop taking, watch closely, monitor, increased risk for postpartum. |
| Common discomforts of pregnancy | bleeding gums, nasal stuffiness, nosebleed, N/V, faintness, fatigue, SOB, heartburn, low back pain, leg cramps, varicose vein, ankle edema, constipation, hemorrhoids, trouble sleeping |
| Travel | Carry prenatal records, by car make frequent stops Q1-2H. USE SEAT BELT> |
| Exercise is healthy during pregnancy. Avoid | Contact sports (duh.). Watch jerky, bouncing, high impact movements. Do not over heat, drink plenty of fluids, do not use a hot tub, jacuzzi, or sauna. |
| Genetic Screening | Rules out disease |
Created by:
christinego
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