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The Heart
Chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Continuous one-way circuit of blood through the blood vessels is known as the | Circulation |
| The prime mover that propels blood throughout the body is the? | Heart |
| The hearts ?, the pointed inferior portion, directed toward the left. | Apex |
| The broad, superior ? is the area of attachment for the large vessels carrying blood into and out of the Heart | Base |
| The ? is a hollow organ with walls formed of 3 different layers. | Heart |
| ? is a thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the hearts interior. | Endocardium |
| ? The heart muscel, thickest layer, pumps blood through the vessels. | Myocardium |
| Innermost layer, provides a smooth surface for easy flow as blood travels thru the heart. Extensions of this membrane cover the flaps (cusps) of the heart valves. | Endocardium |
| Is a serous membrane that forms thin, outermost layer of the heart wall. | Epicardium |
| Is the sac that encloses the heart. Also called Visceral or Epicardium | Pericardium |
| This sacs outermost and heaviest layer is the ? | Fibrous Pericardium |
| ? anchors this pericardial layer to the diaphragm. | Connective Tissue |
| A ? lines this fibrous sac and folds back at the bone to cover the hearts surface. | Serous Membrane |
| Outer layer of the serous membrane is called ? | Parietal layer |
| Inner layer of the serous membrane is called? also known as Epicardium | Visceral layer |
| A thin film of fluid between these two layers reduces friction. | Visceral and Parietal |
| ? are lightly striated based on alternating actin and myosin filaments. | Cardiac Muscle cells |
| Cardiac Muscle cells have a single cell nucleus and are ? controlled | Involuntary |
| There are specialized ? between cardiac muscle cells that show faintly under a microscope | Partitons |
| ? are actually modified plasma membranes that firmly attach adjacent cells to each other, but allow for rapid transfer of electrical impulses between them. | Intercalated Disks |
| Innermost layer of heart wall, thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells, lines interior chambers and covers heart valves. | Endocardium |
| Outermost layer of the heart wall, thin serous membrane, covers the heart and forms the visceral layer of the serous pericardium | Epicardium |
| middle layer of heart wall, thick layer of cardiac muscle, contracts to pump blood into the arteries. | Myocardium |
| ? tissue is the branching of the muscle fibers (cells) | Cardiac Muscle |
| ? and the branching cellular networks allow cardiac muscle cells to contract in a coordinated manner. | Intercalated Disks |
| Right heart and Left heart are a double? | Pump |
| Right side pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs through the ? | Pulmonary circuit |
| The left side pumps oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body through the? | Systemic Circuit |
| There are ? Chambers in the heart. | 4 |
| Upper chambers on the right and left sides, the ? are mainly blood receiving chambers. | Atria |
| Lower chambers on right and left side, the ? are forceful pumps | Ventricles |
| ? thin-walled chamber, receives blood returning from the body tissues. Its blood is low in oxygen, carried in veins, blood vessels lead back to heart. | Right Atrium |
| ? brings blood from the head, chest, and Arms. | Superior Vena Cava |
| ? delivers blood from the trunk and legs. | Inferior Vena Cava |
| A 3rd vessel opens into the ? , brings blood from the heart muscle itself. | Right Atrium |
| ? pumps the venous blood received from right atrium to the lungs. | Right Ventricle |
| Pumps blood into a large ? (divides into right and left Pulmonary arteries), these arteries carry blood to the lungs. | Pulmonary Trunk |
| Pulmonary Arteries carry ___ blood unlike other arteries. | Deoxygenated |
| Other arteries which are a vessel that takes blood from the heart to the tissues, carry ____ blood. | Oxygenated |
| ? Receives blood in high oxygen content as it returns from the lungs in Pulmonary Veins. | Left Atrium |
| ___ Veins carry oxygenated blood. | Pulmonary |
| Other Veins carry ? blood. | Deoxygenated |
| ? The chamber with the thickest wall, pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. | Left Ventricle |
| The blood from the left ventricle goes into the ? first, then branching systemic arteries that take blood to tissues. | Aorta |
| This is the largest Artery. | Aorta |
| This is the lower pointed region of the heart, formed by wall of left ventricle. | Hearts Apex |
| ? partitions that separate each of the hearts chambers from each other. | Septum |
| This separates the 2 Atria | Interatrial Septum |
| This separates the 2 Ventricles | Interventricular Septum |
| The septa, like the heart wall consist largely of? | Myocardium |
| Outermost layer, fibrous sac, encloses and protects the heart; anchors heart to surrounding structures. | Fibrous Pericardium |
| Between the fibrous pericardium and the myocardium, doubled membranous sac with fluid between layers. Fluid reduces friction with in the pericardium as the heart functions. | Serous Pericardium |
| Lines the fibrous pericardium, serous membrane, forms outer layer of the serous pericardium. | Parietal layer |
| Surface of the heart, serous membrane, forms inner layer of serous pericardium. AKA Epicardium | Visceral layer |
| Entrance valves, named so because they are between the Atria and Ventricles. | Atrioventricular Valves |
| Exit valves, named so because each flap of these valves resembles a half-moon. | Semilunar Valves |
| Has 3 cusps (flaps) that open and close. Also called Tricuspid Valve | Right Atrioventricular Valve |
| When the Right Atrioventricular valve is open Blood ___ right atrium to Right Ventricle. | Flows |
| When the Right Atrioventricular valve is Closed Blood cannot return to right Atrium, flows forward into the ? | Pulmonary Arterial Trunk |
| Has 2 heavy cusps that permit blood to flow freely from left atrium to left ventricle. (Bicuspid) | Left Atrioventricular Valve or Mitral Valve |
| When the Mitral valve cusp closes because the ? begins to contract. This closure prevents blood from returning to the left atrium and ensures forward flow of blood into aorta | Left Ventricle |
| These are in the walls of ventricles, thin fibrous thread that attaches both the R&L AV valves to columnar Muscles | Papillary Muscles |
| This is the function of Papillary muscles, is to stabilize the valve flaps when the ventricles contract so that the bloods force will not push them up into Atria | Chordae Tendinaea |
| Papillary muscles help prevent ? of blood when the heart beats. | Backflow |
| Semi-lunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk that leads to the lungs. | Pulmonary Valve |
| The higher pressure in the pulmonary artery, closes the valve and prevents blood from returning to the ventricle. | Back Pressure |
| A semi-lunar valve located between the left ventricle and the Aorta. | Aortic Valve |
| Closes aortic valve and prevents the back flow of blood from aorta into ventricle | Back Pressure |
| Only the ? comes in contact with the blood that flows through the heart chambers. | Endocardium |
| ? must have its own blood vessels to provide oxygen and nourishment and to remove waste products. | Myocardium |
| Myocardium blood vessels provide the ? circulation | Coronary |
| Main arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle are the right and left ? | Coronary Arteries |
| What arteries are the first to branch off the aorta | Coronary Arteries |
| The coronary circulation is the blood supply to the ? | Myocardium |
| Upper right chamber, receives blood from the venae cavae and the coronary sinus; pumps blood into the right ventricle. | Right Atrium |
| Lower right chamber,receives blood from right atrium and pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk; branches carry blood to lungs to be oxygenated | Right Ventricle |
| Upper left chamber, receives oxygenated blood coming back to the heart from the lungs in the pulmonary Veins; pumps blood into left ventricle | Left Atrium |
| Lower left chamber, receives blood from the left atrium and pumps blood into the aorta to be carried to tissues in the systemic circuit | Left Ventricle |
| Located between the right atrium and right ventricle | Right AV valve |
| Located at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk. | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. | Left AV valve |
| Located at the entrance to the aorta. | Aortic Semilunar Valve |
| Prevents blood from flowing back up into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts (systole) | Right AV valve |
| Valve with three half-moon shaped cusps located at the entrance to the aorta. | Aortic Semilunar valve |
| Prevents blood from flowing back up into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts (systole) | Left AV valve |
| Valve with three half moon shaped cusps located at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk. | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle when the right ventricle relaxes (diastole) | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Valve with two cusps;bicuspid or mitral valve. | Left AV valve |
| Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle when the left ventricle relaxes (diastole) | Aortic Semilunar valve |
| Valve with three cusps; tricuspid valve | Right AV valve |
| The active phase of heart muscle contraction is called? | Systole |
| The resting period that follows systole is called? | Diastole |
| One complete sequence of heart contraction and relaxation is called? | Cardiac Cycle |
| Each Cardiac cycle represents one what? | Heart beat |
| At rest, one cardiac cycle takes an average of ? to complete. | 0.8 Seconds |
| The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute is termed? | Cardiac Output (CO) |
| The product of Cardiac output, the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each beat is called? | Stroke Volume (SV) |
| The number of times the heart beats per min is termed? | Heart Rate (HR) |
| CO= HRxSV | Cardiac output equals Heart Rate times Stroke Volume |
| two of the structures that form the hearts conduction system are tissue masses called? | Nodes |
| The remainder of the structures that form the hearts conduction system besides the nodes consists of specialized ? that branch through the myocardium. | Fibers |
| The ? Node is located in the upper wall of the right atrium in a small depression described as a sinus. | Sinoatrial Node |
| The node that initiates the heartbeats by generating an action potential at regular intervals is called? | Sinoatrial Node |
| The second node, located in the interatrial septum at the bottom of the right atrium is called the ? | Atrioventricular Node |
| The SA node sets the rate of heart contractions and is commonly called what? | Pacemaker |
| The Atrioventricular bundle is also known as ? and is located at the top of the interventricular septum. | Bundle of His |
| This "bundle" has branches that extend to all parts of the ventricular walls. | Atrioventricular bundle |
| Conduction fibers, also called ?, travel in a branching network throughout the myocardium of the ventricles. | Purkinje fibers |
| ? allow the rapid flow of impulses throughout the heart muscle. | Intercalated Disks |
| First step in impulse travel, the ? node generates the electrical impulse that begins the heartbeat. | Sinoatrial Node |
| Second step in impulse travel, Excitiation wave travels throughout the muscle of each atrium causing Atria to contract. Impulse travels directly to the AV node by means of fibers in wall of atrium that make up the ? | Internodal Pathways |
| Third step in impulse travel, Atrivoventricular node is stimulated. Atria contract and complete the filling of the ? before the ventricles contract. | Ventricles |
| 4th Step in impulse travel, Excitation wave travels rapidly through the ? and then throughout the ventricular walls by means of the bundle branches and ? | Bundle of His & Purkinje Fibers |
| The entire ventricular ? contracts almost at the same time. | Musculature |
| A normal heart rhythm originating at the SA node is termed? | Sinus Rhythm |
| A relatively slow heart rate of less than 60 beats/minute. | Bradycardia |
| Refers to a heart rate of more than 100 beats/minute. | Tachycardia |
| A regular variation in heart rate caused by changes in rate and deep breathing, it is normal phenomenon | Sinus Arrhythmia |
| Also called extrasystole, is a beat that comes before the expected beat. May be initiated by caffeine, nicotine, or psychological stress or people with heart disease. | Premature Beat |
| The first heart sound, longer, lower-pitched sound that occurs at the start of ventricular systole. | Lub |
| The second heart sound, shorter and sharper. Occurs at the beginning of ventricular relaxation and is caused largely by sudden closure of semilunar valves. | Dup |
| An abnormal heart sound is called? and is due to faulty valve action. | Murmur |
| An abnormal sound caused by any structural change in the heart or vessels connected with the heart is called? | Organic Murmur |
| if a valve fails to close tightly, and blood leaks back what is heard? | Murmur |
| To differentiate normal sounds from abnormal sounds, they are properly called what? | Functional murmurs |
| The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is ? | systole |
| The small mass of tissue that starts the heartbeat is the ? | Sinoatrial Node |
| The ? system is the main influence on the rate and strength of heart contractions. | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Congenital heart disease is a defect ? | present at birth |
| Rheumatic fever is caused by certain? | Streptococci |
| ? commonly causes narrowing of the coronary vessels. | Atherosclerosis |
| ECG and EKG stand for? | Electrocardiography |
| ? is the technique used to open a restricted coronary artery with a balloon catheter | Coronary Angioplasty |
| means "inflammation of the heart's lining" most commonly refers to inflammation of the endocardium covering the valves and valvular disease. | endocarditis |
| is inflammation of the heart muscle | Myocarditis |
| Refers to inflammation of the serous membrane on the heart surface as well as the lining of the pericardial sac. | Pericarditis |
| Inflammatory diseases are often caused by ? but may also be secondary to other types of respiratory or systemic diseases. | Infection |
| Originates with an attack of rheumatic fever in childhood or youth. | Rheumatic heart disease |
| Involves the walls of the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. | Coronary artery disease |
| is caused by deterioration of the heart tissues and is frequently the result of long-standing disorders, such as high blood pressure | Heart Failure |
| The fetal heart has a small hole called ? located in the septum between the right and left atria. | Foramen ovale |
| Failure of the foramen ovale to close is one cause of an abnormal opening known as? | Atrial septal defect |
| The ? in the fetus is a small blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery and aorta so that some blood headed toward the lungs will enter aorta instead. | Ductus Arteriosus |
| Persistence of the vessel after birth is described as | Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
| Most common single congenital heart defect is a hole in the septum between the 2 ventricles, disorder called? | Ventricular Septal Defect |
| Other congenital defects that tax the heart involve ? of outward blood flow. | Restriction |
| ? is a localized narrowing of the aortic arch. | Coarctation of the aorta |
| The most common combination is that of 4 specific defects known as? | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| Pulmonary artery stenosis; interventricular septal defect; aortic displacement to the right; right ventricular hypertrophy ; together are known as tetralogy of Fallot. What commonly have this disorder? | "Blue Babies" |
| The blueness / Cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes is caused by a relative lack of? | Oxygen |
| Antibodies formed to combat Rheumatic fever also attack the heart valves, producing a condition known as? | Rheumatic Endocarditis |
| The mitral valve may not open sufficiently. | Mitral stenosis |
| the mitral valve may not close effectively. | mitral regurgitation |
| the lumen inside the vessel may gradually narrow because of a progressive deposit of fatty material known as? | Plaque |
| This process called ? causes thickening and hardening of the vessels with a loss of elasticity. | Atherosclerosis |
| The vessels narrowing leads to ? which is a lack of blood supply to the areas fed by those arteries. | Ischemia |
| In the heart, thrombus formation results in a life threatening condition known as? | Coronary thrombosis |
| Sudden closure of a coronary vessel | Occlusion |
| Sudden occlusion with complete obstruction of blood flow is commonly known as a? | Heart Attack |
| Area of tissue damaged in a heart attack is called? | Infarct |
| What is the medical term for heart attack? | Myocardial Infarction |
| The oxygen deprived tissue will undergo necrosis this means? | death |
| How is a MI diagnosed? | ECG |
| The enzyme normal to muscle cells that is released in increased amounts when any muscle is damaged is called? | Creatine Kinase |
| A protein that regulates muscle cell contraction is called? | Troponin |
| Inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle causes a characteristic discomfort called? | Angina Pectoris |
| Angina pectoris is felt in the region of the heart,and in what arm and shoulder? | Left |
| What disease is common cause of angina pectoris | Coronary artery disease |
| An abnormal rhythm of the heart beat is termed? | Arrhythmia |
| Extremely rapid but coordinated contractions numbering up to 300 beats per min is called a? | flutter |
| An episode of rapid, wild, and uncoordinated heart muscle contractions is called? | fibrillation |
| A device that generates a strong electrical current to discharge all the cardiac muscle cells at once to allow a normal rhythm to resume is called? | Defibrillator |
| An interruption of electrical impulses in the hearts conduction system is called | Heart block |
| The death rate for heart attacks is ? when treatment is delayed. | High |
| The American Heart Association added training in the use of the ? to the basic course in CPR. | Automated External Defibrillator |
| Drugs given during a MI that act to dissolve clots blocking the coronary arteries | Thrombolytic |
| A ? is given in a heart attack patient to bypass damaged vessels | Vascular graft |
| Some patients need a ? pacemaker to maintain normal heart rhythm. | Artificial |
| In heart failure additional mechanisms cause the retention of fluid leading to the name? | Congestive Heart Failure |
| Heredity, environmental factors, diseases, and personal habits are all variation in the way? | Heart Ages |
| By 70 years of age the cardiac output may decrease by as much as? | 35% |
| Prevention of heart ailments is based on identification of cardiovascular risk factors and? | Modification of those factors that can be changed. |
| Age,gender,heredity,and body type are all risk factors that? | Cannot be modified |
| Smoking,physical inactivity, weight,saturated fat in diet, high blood pressure (hypertension) diabetes and gout are all risk factors that? | can be modified |
| Experienced listeners can gain much information about the heart by using a? | Stethoscope |
| Used to convey sounds from within the patients body to an examiners ear. | Stethoscope |
| used to record electrical changes produced as the heart muscle contracts. | Electrocardiograph (ECG/EKG) |
| The Electrocardiograph represents the electrical activity as? | Waves |
| P wave represents activity of the ? | Atria |
| T waves represent the activity of the? | Ventricles |
| Many people with heart disease undergo? | Catheterization |
| In right heart ? an extremely thin tube is passed thru the veins of the right arm or right groin and then into the right side of the heart. | Right Heart Catheterization |
| An instrument used for examining deep structures with xrays | fluoroscope |
| Consists of waves generated at a frequency above the human ears range of sensitivity. | Ultrasound |
| High frequency sound waves are sent to the heart from a small instrument on the chest surface. | Echocardiography ( Ultrasound cardiography) |
| Movement of echoes is traced on an electronic instrument called an ? and recorded on film. | Oscilloscope |
| One of the oldest drugs for heart treatment and still most important for most is? | Digitalis |
| Slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions, obtained form the leaf of the foxglove plant. | Digitalis |
| Several forms of ? are used to relieve angina pectoris. dialtes the vessels in coronary circulation and improves heart blood supply. | Nitroglycerin |
| These "beta blockers" control sympathetic stimulation of the heart, reduce rate and strength of heart contractions and reduces hearts oxygen demand. | Beta-Adrenergic blocking agents |
| Used to regulate the rate and rhythm of heartbeat | Antiarrhythmic Agents |
| Aid in the treatment of coronary heart disease and hypertension by several mechanisms. | Slow calcium-channel blockers |
| May dilate vessels, control the force of heart contractions, regulate conduction through the atrioventricular node. actions are based on fact that calcium ions must enter muscle cells before contraction can occur | Slow Calcium-channel blockers |
| Valuable drugs for some heart patients, used to prevent clot formation . | Anticoagulants |
| Chemically known as acetylsalicylic Acid is inexpensive, used for pain and inflammation, reduces blood clotting by interfering with platelet activity. | Aspirin |
| A device implanted under the skin supplies regular impulses to stimulate the heart beat. | Artificial pacemaker |
| The restoration of normal heartbeat by either electric shock or drugs is called? | Cardioversion |
| Device that detects a rapid abnormal rhythm and delivers a direct shock to the heart is called a ICD known as? | Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator |
| This machine makes possible many operations of the heart and other thoracic organs. | Heart-lung machine |
| The term used to describe when blood is rid of air bubbles while in a machine. | defoamed |
| long name for CABG, relieves obstruction of coronary arteries and is common and often successful treatment. | Coronary artery bypass graft |
| A less invasive procedure used to open restricted arteries in the heart and other areas of the body. | Angioplasty |
| To prevent repeated blockage a small tube called a ? may be inserted in the vessel to keep it open. | Stent |
| In coronary angioplasty, a fluoroscope is used to guide a catheter with a ? to the affected area. | balloon |
| Diseased valves may become so deformed and scarred from ? that they are ineffective and often obstructive. | Endocarditis |
| When valves are ineffective or obstructive ? is the best treatment. | Valve replacement |
| This device draws blood from a ventricle and pumps it into the aorta or pulmonary artery. | VAD, Ventricular assist device |
| The right AV valve has ? cusps and the Left Av valve has ? | Right Av 3 & Left AV is 2 |
| The ? pathways connect the SA and AV nodes. | Internodal |
| The ? carries blood into the systemic circuit | Aorta |
| The ? ventricle has the thickest wall. | Left |
| The ? is the thickest layer of the heart wall. | Myocardium |
| The AV (tricuspid and mitral) valves close when the ? contracts. | Ventricles |
| The semilunar (pulmonary and aortic)valves ? when the Ventricles contract. | Open |
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