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what are late effects of radiation based on?
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What are radiation protection guidelines based on?
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MA-XT
Ch. 36 Bushong
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are late effects of radiation based on? | Based on stochastic effect. |
| What are radiation protection guidelines based on? | The late effect of radiation and on linear, nonthreshold dose-response relationships. |
| How must epidemiologic studies be conducted to study effects of low dose radiation? | Large number of people exposed to a toxic substace |
| What effect was caused by high doses in the early practices of radiology that caused callused, cracked and discolored skin on hands and forearms of radiologists | Radiodermatitis |
| What type of stem cells are damaged by radiation? | Lymphatic |
| How long can effects be delayed in peripheral lymphocytes | 20 years |
| what responses are damage to circulating lymphocytes early or late? | Chromosome damage |
| low doses of radiation have been proven to cause what? | Chromosome aberradiaation exposure |
| what can be caused as a late effect of irradiation of blood forming organs? | Leukemia as a late response and hematologic depression as an early. |
| what is used principally to produce radionuclides for used in nuclear medicine? | modern cyclotron |
| what type of dose response are cataracts? | The dose response relationship for radiation induced catearacts is nonlinear, threshold. |
| What is the life shortening span for every rad? | Humans can expect a reduced life span of approximately 10 days for every rad |
| What is the life shortening span for radiation workers | Life is only shorten by 12 days |
| Formula for relative | Relative risk=observed cases/expected cases |
| What is the theory of radiation hormesis | small dose of radiation are good us below 10 rads |
| What is the only theory we practice? | ALARA |
| Reletive risk factor of 1 indicates what? | No risk |
| relative risk factor of 1.5 indicates what frequency | Late response is 50% higher in the irradiated population |
| who/what determines the absolute risk of radiation-induced malignant disease? | NAS-BEIR |
| What is stochastic? | no threshold even the smallest dose can cause effect |
| how have radiation induced malignancy been observed | Eperimental animals, at human level have been observed but are insufficient |
| what type of responses are all radiation induced malignancy? | All the late effects |
| what type of dose response is leukemia? | linear and nonthreshold |
| what groups have exhibited an elevated incidence of leukemia after radiation exposure? | A number of human population |
| where have we accumulated the most info for radiation induced leukemia? | Atomis bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| How much greater was the leukemia incidences for Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors | 100 times that in the nonirradiated population |
| what is the latent period for radiation induced leukemia? | 4 to 7 years |
| what is the risk period for radiation induced leukemia? | 20 years |
| What year was the incidence of leukemia high in radiologist and why 1940; no protection and received doses over 100 rad per year? | 1940 without the benefit of modern radiation protection devices and procedures |
| Skin cancer has what type of dose response threshold |
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SandyVeliz
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