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Ch.9 BNS
Wakefulness and Sleep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Circadian cycles are to ______ as circannual cycles are to ________. | daily; yearly |
| Mammals have circadian rhythms: | for a variety activities, including sleep |
| What is a "free-running rhythm"? | the activity cycle generated by a biological clock that is not reset |
| What happens if people live in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is other than 24 hours? | they adjust better if the cycle is close to 24 (e.g. 25) |
| Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to: | expose them to bright lights while they work |
| The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the: | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to: | generate the circadian rhythm |
| The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from: | ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods |
| Slow-wave sleep is comprised of: | stages 3 and 4 |
| EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because: | neurons are becoming more synchronized |
| During REM sleep, the EEG shows: | irregular, low-voltage fast waves |
| The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams: | are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep |
| Different sets of cells in the basal forebrain release which two neurotransmitters? | acetylcholine and GABA |
| PGO waves are associated with which stage or type of sleep? | REM sleep |
| What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality? | hypnagogic hallucinations |
| Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to: | narcolepsy |
| According to the evolutionary perspective of sleep, the primary function of sleep is to: | conserve energy |
| The sleep of dolphins is unique because: | only one hemisphere of their brain sleeps at a time |
| Research suggests that _______ sleep is most important for strengthening memories of motor skills. | REM |
| During dreaming, which areas of the brain continue to be highly active? | the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other emotional areas |
Created by:
hilarytumey
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