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Chapter 4-tissues
Biology 2401 Tissues and Itegumentary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function are called ____. | Tissues |
| Four primary tissue types. | Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. |
| ____ is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity. | Epithelial tissue or Epithelium. |
| Epithelial tissue occurs in the body as ____ and ___. | covering and lining epithelium and glandular epithelium. |
| ___ forms the outer layer of the skin, dips into and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory systems, and covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity. | covering and lining epithelium |
| ____ fashions the glands of the body. | glandular epithelium |
| Polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, and regeneration are the special characteristics of ____ tissue. | epithelium. |
| Classification of epithelia. | simple epithelia and stratified epithelia |
| What are the three common shapes of epithelial cells. | squamous cells, cuboidal cells, and columnar cells. |
| ____ consist of a single cell layer. They are typically found where absorption, secretion and filtration occur and a thin epithelial barrier is desirable. | simple epithelia |
| ____ composed of two or more cell layers stacked one on top of the other, are common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as the skin surface and lining of the mouth. | stratified epithelia |
| ___are flattened and scalelike. | squamous cells |
| ___ are boxlike, approximately as tall as they are wide. | cuboidal cells |
| __are tall and column shape. | columnar cells. |
| The cells of ____ are flattened laterally, and their cytoplasm is sparse. It is found where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority. | simple squamous epithelium |
| ____ provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lympathic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system--blood vessels and the heart. | Endothelium |
| ___ is the epithelium found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs. | Mesothelium |
| ____ consist of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide. The important function of this are secretion and absorption. | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| ____ is seen as a single layer of tall, closely packed cells, aligned like soldiers in a row. They are mostly associated with absorption and secretion, and the digestive tract lining has two distinct modification that make it ideal for the dual function. | simple columnar epithelium |
| What are the locations of simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium. | Simple squamous epithelium: air sacs of lungs; simple cuboidal epithelium: kidney tubules; Simple columnar epithelium: intestines or digestive tracts; Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: trachea |
| ____ is the most widespread of the stratified epithelia. Composed of several layers, it is thick and well suited for its protective role in the body. | stratified squamous epithelium |
| ____ is quite rare in the body, mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands (sweat glands, mammary glands). | stratified cuboidal epithelium |
| ____also has a limited distribution in the body. small amounts are found in the pharynx, the male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts. | Stratified columnar epithelium |
| ____ forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine. | transitional epithelium |
| What are the locations of stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium? | stratified squamous epitheliun: Esophagus, mouth and vagina; Transitional epithelium: Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra. |
| A ___ consist of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product. This product called a ____, is an aqueous fluid that usually contains proteins but there is variation. | Gland; secretion |
| Because ____ eventually lose their ducts, they are often called ductless glands. They produce hormones, regulatory chemicals that they secrete by exocytosis directly into the extracellular space. | endocrine glands |
| ___ are numerous, and many of their products are familiar. They secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities. | exocrine glands |
| ____ are sprinkled in the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts amid columnar cells with other functions. They do directly by exocytosis. | unicellular exocrine glands |
| ___ are structurally more complex. They have two basic parts: an epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit (acinus) consisting of secretory cells. | multicellular exocrine glands |
| ____ is found everywhere in the body. It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues, but its amount in particular organs varies. | Connective tissue |
| Four main classes of connective tissue. | connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood. |
| The major functions of connective tissue. | binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation. |
| common characteristics of connective tissue. | common origin, degrees of vascularity, extracellular matrix. |
| structural elements of connective tissue. | ground substance, and fibers. |
| Types of fibers. | collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. |
| ____ is the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers. | Ground substance |
| ____ are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength to the matrix. | collagen fibers |
| ___ are long thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix. | elastic fibers |
| ___ are short, fine, collagenous fibers with a slightly different chemistry and form. | reticular fibers |
| Types of cells in connective tissue. | connective tissue proper-fibroblast, cartilage-chondroblast, bone-osteoblast, and blood-hematopoietic stem cells. |
| these white blood cells include defensive white blood cells and other cell types concerned with tissue response to injury, such as ____ and ____. This wide variety of cells is particularly obvious in our prototype, areolar connective tissue. | mast cells and macrophages. |
| The oval ___ typically cluster along blood vessels. these cells act as sensitive sentinels to detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them. | mast cells |
| ___ are large irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytized a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. | macrophages |
| Mature connective tissues arises from a common embryonic tissue, called ____, derived from embryonic mesoderm. It has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped ____. | Mesenchyme; mesenchymal cells |
| connective tissue proper has two subclasses: the ___ and the ___. | loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. |
| Three types of loose connective tissue. | areolar, adipose and reticular. |
| Three types of dense connective tissue. | dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic. |
| Function of ___ tissue are supporting and binding other tissues, holding body fluids, defending against infection, and storing nutrients as fat. | areolar connective tissue |
| ____, flat, branching cells that appear spindle shaped in profile, predominate, but numerous macrophages are also seen and present a formidable barrier to invading microorganisms. | fibroblasts |
| When a body region is inflamed, the areolar tissue in the area soaks up excess fluids like a sponge, and the affected area swells and becomes puffy, a condition called ___. | edema |
| ___ is similar to areolar tissue in structure and function, but its nutrient-storing ability is much greater. | Adipose (fat) tissue |
| ___ predominate and account for 90% of the adipose tissue's mass. The matrix is scanty and the cells are packed closely together, giving a chicken-wire appearance to the tissue. | adipocytes |
| ___ resembles areolar connective tissue, but the only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers, which form a delicate network along which fibroblasts called ___. | Reticular connective tissue; reticular cells |
| ____ contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull. | Dense regular connective tissue |
| With its enormous tensile strength, dense regular connective tissue forms the ___, which are cords that attach muscles to bones, and flat sheetlike tendons called ____ that attach muscles to other muscles or to bones. | tendons; aponeuroses |
| ___ has the same structural elements as the regular variety.However, the bunle of collagen fibers are much thicker and they are arranged irregularly; that is they run in more than one plane. | dense irregular connective tissue |
| ____ which stands up to both tension and compression, has qualities intermediate between dense connective tissue and bone. It is tough but flexible, providing a resilient rigidity to the structures it supports. | Cartilage |
| The firmness of the cartilage matrix prevents the cells from becoming widely separated, so ____, or mature cartilage cells, are typically found in small groups within cavities called lacunae. | chondrocytes |
| ____ is the most abundant cartilage type in the body. | Hyaline cartilage |
| Three types of cartilage. | hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage |
| ___ is nearly identical to hyaline cartilage. Found where strength and exceptional stretchability are needed, it forms the skeletons of the ear and the epiglottis. | elastic cartilage |
| ____ is a perfect structural intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissues. Its rows of chondrocytes alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers. | fibrocartilage |
| ___ or ___ has an exceptional ability to support and protect body structues. | Bones or osseous tissue |
| Mature bone cells, or ___, reside in the lacunae within the matrix they have made. | osteocytes |
| ___, the fluid within blood vessels, is the most atypical connective tissue. It does not connect things or give mechanical support. | Blood |
| ____ are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. | neurons |
| ___ are highly cellular, well vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement. | muscle tissue |
| Three types of muscle tissue. | skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue. |
| ___ tissue is packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called __ that are attached to the bones of the skeleton. | skeletal muscle |
| Skeletal muscle cells also called ___, are long, cylindrical cells that contain many nuclei. | muscle fibers |
| ___ is found only in the walls of the heart. Its contractions help propel blood through the blood vessels to all part of the body. | cardiac muscle |
| ___ is so named because its cells have no visible striations. Individually ____ are spindle shaped and contain one centrally located nucleus. | Smooth muscle |
| Because skeletal muscle contraction is under our conscious control, skeletal muscle is often called ____, and the other two types are called ____. | voluntary muscle; involuntary muscle. |
| ___ is an organ system consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmlya attached to a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue (dermis). | cutaneous membrane |
| ___ line body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. | Mucous membrane |
| ___ are the moist membrane found in closed ventral cavities. It consists of simple squamous epithelium (a mesothelium) resting on a thin layer of loose connective (areolar) tissue. | Serous membrane |
| ___ is replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue, whereas ___ involved proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called ____. | Regeneration; fibrosis; scar tissue |
| Steps of tissue repair. | Inflammation sets the stage, organization restores the blood supply, regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair. |
| ___ is not part of the skin but it shares some of skin protective functions, and it is also called ____. | hypodermis; superficial fascia |
| ____ is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisting of four distinct cell types and four or five distinct layers. | epidermis |
| The cell populating the epidermis include: ____, ___, ___, and ___. | keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal dendritic cells, and tactile cells |
| The chief role of ___ is to produce ___, the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis it's protective properties. | keratinocytes; keratin |
| ____, the spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment ____, are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis. | Melanocytes; melanin |
| The star-shaped ____ arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Also called ____ after a german anatomist, they ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system. | epidermal dendritic cells; Langerhans |
| ___ are present at the epidermal dermal junction. Shaped like a spiky hemisphere, it is associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending. | tactile cells |
| ____, which covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet, the epidermis consist of five layers, or strata. | thick skin |
| ____, which covers the rest of the body, the stratum lucidum appears to be absent and the other strata are thinner. | thin skin |
| Layers of epidermis. | Stratum basale (basal layer), stratum spinosum (prickly layer), stratum granulosum (Granular layer), Stratum lucidum (clear layer), stratum corneum (horny layer). |
| ___, the deepest epidermal layer, is attached to the underlying dermis along a wavy borderline that reminds one of corrugated cardboard. | Stratum Basale (basal layer) |
| ___ is several cell layers thick. This layer contain of a weblike system of intermediate filaments, mainly tension-resisting bundles of pre-keratin filaments, which span their cytosol to attach to desmosomes. | Stratum spinosum (prickly layer) |
| The thin ___ consist of three to fibe cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically, and the process of keratinization. | Stratum granulosum (granular layer) |
| The ____ appears as a thin translucent band just above the stratum granulosum. It consists of two or three rows of clear, flat, deat, keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries. | stratum lucidum (clear layer) |
| The outermost ____ is a broad zone 20-30 cell layers thick that accounts for up to three-quarters of the epidermal thickness. | Stratum corneum (horny layer) |
| ___, the second major skin region, is strong, flexible connective tissue. Its cells are typical of those found in any connective tissue proper: fibroblast, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells. | dermis |
| ___ is richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood vessels and lympathic vessels. | dermis |
| The dermis has two layer, the ____ and ____. | papillary and reticular layer. |
| The thin superficial ___ is areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels. | papillary layer |
| The deeper ___ accounting for about 80% of the thickness of the dermis, is coarse, irregularly arranged, dense fibrous connective tissue. | reticular layer |
| ____ are dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures. | flexure lines |
| Three pigments contribute to skin color include: | melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin |
| ___ is a polymer made of tyrosine amino acids. Its two forms range in color from yellow to tan to reddish-brown to black. | melanin |
| ___ is a yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant products such as carrots. It tends to accumulate in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis. | carotene |
| The pinkish hue of fair skin reflects the crimson color of the oxygenated pigment ____ in the red blood cells circulating through the dermal capillaries. | hemoglobin |
| Appendages of the skin. | nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, and hair follicles and hair. |
| ___ are distributed over the entire skin surface except the nipples and parts of the external genitalia. | sweat glands or sudoriferous glands |
| There are two types of sweat glands, ___ and ___. | eccrin and apocrine |
| ___ are far more numerous and are particularly abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead. Each is a simple coiled, tubular gland. | eccrine sweat glands or merocrin sweat glands |
| ___, approximately 2000 of them are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas. they are merocrine glands which release their product by exocytosis like the eccrine sweat glands. | apocrine sweat glands |
| ___ are modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal. | ceruminous glands |
| ___, another variety of specialized sweat glands, secrete milk. | mammary glands |
| The ___ are simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body except in the thick skin of palms and soles. | sebaceous glands or oil glands |
| ___ are flexible strands produce by hair follicles and consist largely of dead, keratinized cells. | Hair or pili |
| The outermost ___ is formed from a single layer of cells that overlap one another from below like singles on a roof. | cuticle |
| ___ fold down from the epidermal surface into the dermis. | hair follicles |
| The deep end of the follicle, located about 4mm below the skin surface, is expanded, forming a ___. A knot sensory nerve endings called a ___. | hair bulb; hair follicle receptors, or root hair plexus |
| The wall of a hair follicle is composed of an outer ___, derived from the dermis; a thickened basement membrane called the glassy membrane, and an inner ___, derived mainly from an invagination of the epidermis. | connective tissue root sheath; epithelial rooth sheath |
| __, a nipple-ike but of dermal tissue, protrudes into the hair bulb. It contains a know of capillaries that supplies butrients to the growing hair and signals it to grow. | hair papilla |
| The cells that compose the ___, or actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces the hair, originate in a region called the ___ located a fraction of a millimeter of the hair bulb. | hair matrix; hair bulge |
| Associated with each hair follicle is a bundle of smooth muscle cells called an ___. | arrector pili |
| ____ is a scalelike modification of the epidermis that forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of a finger or toe. | Nail |
| The thickened proximal portiion of the nail bed, called the ___, is responsible for nail growth. | nail matrix |
| The proximal and lateral borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds, called ___. | nail folds |
| Functions of itegumentary system or skin. | protection (chemical barriers, physical/mechanical barriers, and biological barriers), Body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and excretion. |
| The ___ include skin secretion and melanin. Although the skin's surface teems the bacteria, the low pH of skin secretions--the so called acid mantle--retards their multiplication. | chemical barriers |
| ___ are provided by the cuntinuity of skin and the hardness of its keratinized cells. The skin is remarkable compromise. | physical/mechanical barriers |
| ___ include the dendritic cells of the epidermis, macrophages in the dermis, and DNA itself. | Biological barriers |
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