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H2 3 Bus & Labor Uni

QuestionAnswer
transcontinental railroad- Railroad that stretches across a continent of U.S. Made possible by land grants & Pacific Railway Act of 1862. p.41
rail line- a railroad track
land grant- Gifts of land given to railroad companies by federal government.Railroads sold land to settlers and used profits to pay cost of building railroads. p. 41
time zone- geographical divisions to standardize time in specific areas
mechanization- the replacement of manual labor with machinery
industry- businesses involved in manufacturing, transportation, and communications
corporation- a business that sells stock to shareholders and uses the money to invest in business p. 43
monopoly- One group or company’s exclusive ownership and control of a market.Ex: John D. Rockefeller owned 90% of the oil refineries in U. S. in 1880s. By owning refineries ( where oil is purified, he could largely set prices with little or no competition. p. 43
horizontal integration- Consolidation of companies into one business. Done largely by buying up other related companies.Got rid of competitors. Rockefeller did this a lot. p.43
trust- a combination of corporations to reduce competition and control prices p. 43 This group allows firms not really joined to act as a group, fight competitors, and charge monopoly prices.
vertical integration- Consolidation of related businesses to lower prices of manufacturing.Used by Rockefeller to control every aspect of oil production from drilling, to transportation, to refinery,to business distribution, to selling to individuals.p44
industrial union- Organization of skilled and unskilled workers within an industry. First in U.S.: Noble Order of the Knights of Labor. p. 44 Goals:8 Hr.workday; = pay for women; end to child labor. Had violent strike. Gone by 1890s p.45
craft union- an organization of only skilled workers. Later 20 individual unions became foundation of AFL p.45
collective bargaining- Attempt to negotiate contracts between workers and employers. AFL goals: 8 hr. day; higher wages;safer conditions; benefits for injured workers. p.45
strikebreakers- p.45 People hired to replace workers who are on strike. Companies hired immigrants or African-Americans as strikebreakers. Sometimes government troops came to try to break strike & open businesses. Violence often occurred. Given as excuse to break strike.
union Organization of large # of workers united to improve their working conditions and/or the pay. p.36. 44
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
Pacific Railway Act of 1862 Federal government gave railroads 10 sq. miles of land for each mile of track laid. RRs sold land to settlers. Result: more $ to build more RR. p.41
Cornelius Vanderbilt Millionaire owner of railroads. One of the original "robber barons." p.41
National Network of Railroads (trains) Created by 1890. Stretched from New England to California. p.41
Leland Standford (biography) California businessman,who with 3 other men set up Central Pacific RR. Used land grant $ and government bonds to finance. Helped organize Republican Party in Calif. p.42
MECHANIZATION of production movement of individual workers and small factories with skilled artisans to large factories or mills with workers tending machines. Atmosphere more impersonal. Workers felt more like they were used. p.42
Industry Name give to businesses involved in manufacturing, transportation, and communication. Requires: 1. $ to invest (spend)2. natural resources. 3.a market (someone to sell to) 4. Lg. workforce. 5. Transportation system. p.42
Sample Inventions of 1880s & 1890s Diesel engine; Elevator; Telephone; Typewriter; Light bulb; Electric-powered stove; Sewing Machine p.43
Thomas Edison Inventor of electric light bulb
AFL: American Federation of Labor 1886 Successful. Made up groups of craft or trade unions. Basic belief: power in numbers of unions when dealing with companies. p.45 African-Americans, women, & immigrants could not join.
Strike Major tool workers used against employers. Walked off job; refused to work; Set up picket lines around business. Tried to close down business. p. 45
Women & Unions p.46 International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) 1900; Women's Trade Union League (WTUL). Formed to unionize women in garment, and telephone industries. Had similar goals to those in AFL.
Created by: familystudy22
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