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WAKA FLAKA
TEST 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| osetoclast | major resorptive cells of bone |
| osteoclast | large, multinucleated cells with short life spans which develop from the hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow stroma and adjacent vessels |
| osteoclast | develop from mononuclear phagocytic cells |
| osteoclast | contain lysosomes (digestive vacuoles) filled with hyrdolytic enzymes |
| osteocyte | transformed osteoblast that is trapped or surrounded in osteoid as it harden from minerals that enter during calcification |
| osteocyte | synthesize certain matrix molecules assisting bone calcification |
| osteocyte | obtains nutrients from capillaries in the canaliculi and help concentrate them in the matrix |
| osteocyte | synthesize and replace needed elements of the matrix. |
| osteocyte | help maintain mineral homeostasis with the help of PTH and osteoblast cells |
| Osteoblast | produces type 1 collagen |
| Osteoblast | responsive to parathyroid hormone |
| osteoblasts | produces osterocalcin when stimulated by 1,2,5-dihydroxyvitamin D. |
| osteoblasts | active on outer surface of bones, form a single layer of cells |
| osteoblasts | bring about formation of new bone by their synthesis of osteoid. |
| osteoid | non-mineralized bone matrix |
| osteoblast | bone-forming cells; lay down new bone. Once function is complete become osteocytes |
| Osteocyte | osteoblast that have become imprisoned within the mineralized bone matrix; help maintain bone by synthesizing new bone matrix molecules. |
| osteoclasts | function primarily to resorb (remove) new bone during the process of growth and repair |
| Calcium and phosphorus | principle minerals stored in bone. |
| Fat (adipose tissue) | stored within bone cavities; if needed are released into the blood and used by other tissues as a source of energy |
| Skeletal Muscle | attach to bones by tendons. |
| tendons | strong bands of fibrous tissue |
| Contraction of skeletal muscles | moves the bones, producing body movements. |
| joints | formed where two or more bones come together, permit and control the movement between bones |
| smooth cartilage | covers the ends of bones within some joints; allows the bones to move freely. |
| Ligaments | allow some movement between bones, but prevents excessive movements. |
| Bone | hard and protect the organs it surrounds |
| skull | encloses and protects the brain |
| vertebrae | surround the spinal cord |
| rib cage | protects the heart, lungs, and other organs of the thorax |
| rigid, strong bone | suited for bearing weight and is the major supporting tissue of the body. |
| Cartilage | provides firm yet flexible support within certain structures, such as the nose, external ear, rib cartilages, and trachea. |
| Ligament | strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attaches to bones and holds them together. |
| Muscle | consists of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells, plus connective tissue wrappings, blood vessels and nerve fibers |
| Muscle | covered externally by epimysium |
| Fascicle | Discrete bundle of muscle cells, segregated from the rest of the muscle by a connective tissue sheath |
| Muscle Fiber | elongated multinucleate cell; banded (striated) appearance |
| Muscle fiber | surrounded by endomysium |
| Fascicle | surrounded by perimysium |
| Functional unit of the muscle | Sacromere |
| Filaments | composed of actin and myosin |
| M line | only myosin |
| Motor Unit | each anterior horn cell, its axon and the muscle fibers innervated it. |
| motor unit | composed of lower motor neurons, which extend to skeletal muscles |
| motor unit | termed the functional unit of the neuromuscular system |
| Behaves as a single entity and contracts as a whole when it receives an electrical impulse | motor unit |
| Isometric contraction | static or holding contraction |
| Contraction which the muscle maintains constant length as tension is increased | isometric |
| the type of contraction that occurs when the arm or leg is pushed against an immovable object. | isometric |
| the muscle maintains a constant tension as it moves. But different length | isotonic contraction |
| contractions can be eccentric (lengthening) or concentric (shortening). | isotonic |
| positive work | accomplished during concentric contraction, and energy is released to exert force or lift a weight. |
| contraction the muscle lengthens and absorbs energy. | eccentric contraction |
| Triad consists of : | Terminal Cisterna, Transverse tubule, terminal cisterna |
| Actin and myosin myofilaments do not change length during contraction of skeletal muscle fibers? True or False | True |
| During contraction, actin myofilaments at each end of the sarcomere slide past the myosin myofilaments toward the H-zone? T or F | True |
| During contraction, I-bands shorten? T or F | True |
| During relaxation, I-bands shorten? Tor F | False |
| During contraction, A- bands shorten? T or F | False |
| During relaxation, A-bands lengthen? Tor F | False |
| During contraction, H-zone narrows? T or F | True |
| During contraction, the H-zone narrows or disappears as the myosin myofilaments meet at the center of the sarcomere? T or F | True |
| As the actin myofilaments slide over the myosin myofilaments, the Z-disks are brought closer together and the sarcomere is shortened. T or F | True |
| Sacromeres lengthen during skeletal muscle contraction? T or F | False |
| Epiphyseal plates are soft tissue; where bone growth happens? T or F | True |
| Epiphyseal lines form before fusion; growth does not happen. T or F | False |
| An action potential is propagated along the sarcolema of the skeletal muscle, causing a depolarization to spread along the membrane of the T-tubule. T or F | True |
| Calcium ions released from the sacroplasmic reticulum bind to tropomysin molecules in the actin myofilament. T or F | False |
| Calcium ions released from the sacroplasmic reticulum bind to troponin molecules in the actin myofilament. T or F | True |
| Troponin molecules bound to G actin molecules are released when calcium is bound to troponin. T or F | True |
| During contraction of a muscle, calcium ions bind to troponin causing exposure of active sites on the actin myofilaments. T or F | True |
| The myosin molecules attach to the exposed active sites on the actin myofilaments to form cross bridges, and phosphate is released from the myosin head. T or F | True |
| An ATP molecule binds to the myosin head resulting in the release of actin from myosin. T or F | True |
| Energy is stored in the rod of the myosin myofilament. T or F | False |
| The whole muscle may be controlled by several motor nerve axons. T or F | True |
| Which of the following is a unipennate muscle? | extensor digitorum longus |
| Parallel muscle | sartorius |
| Bipennate muscle | rectus femoris |
| Circular | orbicularis oculi orbicularis oris |
| Convergent muscle | pectoralis major |
| First process of propulsion | swallowing |
| Mechanical digestion includes chewing in the mouth, segmentation in the small intestine and churning in the stomach. T or F | True |
| Peristalsis occurs in the small intestine, large intestine, stomach, and esophagus. T or F | True |
| All digestive vessels go to the hepatic system first. T or F | True |
| Peristalsis goes in only one direction. T or F | True |
| The external muscularis muscle includes only a circular muscle layer and a longitudinal muscle layer. T or F | False |
| The mucosa of the stomach includes surface epithelium, lamina propia, and muscularis mucosa. T or F | True |
| Submucosa layer contains submucosal plexus. T or F | True |
| The common hepatic ducts combine to form the right and left hepatic ducts. T or F | False |
| The right and left hepatic ducts from the liver lobes combine to form the common hepatic duct. T or F | True |
| The common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct from the gall bladder to form the common bile duct. T or F | True |
| The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct combine to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla. T or F | True |
| The hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla. T or F | False |
| The hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum at | major duodenal papilla. |
| The largest organ in the abdominal cavity | Liver |
| The liver is a retroperitoneal organ | False |
| The liver is a intraperitoneal organ | True |
| The liver is located in the right _____________region. | Hypochondriac |
| The liver___________portion is in contact with the ___________portion of the diaphragm. | superior; inferior |
| The gallbladder is located in the inferior region of the liver. T or F | True |
| The functions of the liver are vascular, metabolic, secretory, and excretory. T or F | True |
| The vascular function of the liver is | store and filter blood |
| The metabolic function of the liver is | concerned with most of the metabolic system of the body |
| The secretory function of the liver is | bile formation and secretion |
| The functional unit of the liver is the liver lobule. T or F | True |
| The liver lobule is constructed around a peripheral vein that empties into the hepatic veins--> Inferior vena cava. T or F | False |
| Blood goes from the hepatic portal system to the___________ | sinusoids |
| The sinusoids are flanked by the hepatic plates and receive blood from the small arterioles. T or F | True |
| The sinusoids and the cells around them are always in contact with portal blood. T or F | True |
| Every minute 1.1 L of blood flows from the portal vein into the liver sinusoids and 350 ml from the arterial system= 29% of resting cardiac output. T or F | True |
| The liver normally stores a blood volume of 450 ml or almost 10% of the body's total blood volume. T or F | True |
| The ____________cells clean the blood while it passes along the sinusoids in such an efficient way that no more than 1% of the bacteria entering the liver through the portal system will exit it to the hepatic veins. | kupffer |
| The liver stores glycogen, converts fructose and galactose into glucose. T or F | True |
| The liver is responsible for gluconeogensis and formation of many important chemical compounds in carbohydrate metabolism. T or F | True |
| Sucrose= glucose + galactose | False |
| Sucrose= glucose+fructose | True |
| Maltose= glucose+glucose | True |
| Maltose= glucose + galactose | False |
| Lactose= Glucose + galactose | True |
| The liver oxidizes fatty acids to supply energy. T or F | True |
| The liver forms most lipoproteins, synthesizes cholesterol and phopsholipids, and converts carbohydrates and proteins into fat. T or F | True |
| Deamination of aminoacids occurs during protein metabolism of the liver. T or F | True |
| Formation of urea and the formation of plasma proteins occur in the kidney. T or F | False |
| 90% of all body proteins are formed in the liver and it can synthesize non essential amino acids by using transaminases. T or F | False |
| The liver stores vitamins A, E, B12, and iron. T or F | False |
| The zygomatic cells produce pepsin. T or F | False |
| The zymogenic cells produce pepsinogen. T or F | True |
| The parietal cells produce the HCL responsible for converting pepsinogen to pepsin. T or F | True |
| The villus is composed of microvilli, capillaries (blood), and lacteal (lymph) T or F | True |
| Flow from the small intestine to the anal canal is as follows: ilieum>ileocecal canal> vermiform appendix>cecum>ascending colon>right colic flexure> transverse colon>left colic flexure>descending colon>sigmoid colon>rectum>anal canal. T or F | False |
Created by:
jmenzrn
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