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Theory Exam 1 Vocab.
Nursing Process
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stuporous | A lower level of consciousness; reduced responsiveness. |
| Comatose | Unresponsive even to painful stimuli; Not conscious; in a coma; Unable to awake |
| Pallor | Paleness, ↓ in color of skin; ↓ amount of oxyhemoglobin; Causes: anemia Area: face, conjunctivae, nail beds, palms of hand ↓ visibility of oxyhemoglobin, resulting from ↓ bloodflow; Causes: shock Area: skin, conjunctivae, nail beds, lips |
| Erythema | Red discolor of skin; ↑visibility oxyhemoglobin Cause:dialation/↑ blood flow, circulatory chgs ex: sunburn,edema,fever,direct trama, blushing,alcohol intake Area:face,trauma area,sacrum,shoulders, pressure ulcers Dark skin: palpate for heat to note |
| Jaudice | Yellow-orange discolor skin/sclera ↑ deposit of bilirubin in tissues, ↑ levels of bile pigments in the blood, Causes: liver disease, destruction RBC's; Location: sclera, mucous membrane, skin |
| Cyanosis | Bluish discolor skin/mucous membrane; ↑ deoxygenated hemoglobin (assoc. w/hypoxia; Causes: heart or lung disease, cold temp, smothering (Infants: heat defects, RDS, lung/breathing problems); Areas: nail beds, lips, mouth, skin (severe cases) |
| Turgor | Skin elasticity; Causes: edema,dehydration, age; Test on back of forearm/sternal area; ↓ in turgor predisposes to skin breakdown. |
| Alopecia | Partial or complete absence of hair from areas of the body where it normally grows; Baldness/Edema |
| Macule | Flat, nonpalpable change in skin color; Smaller than 1cm; Ex: Freckles, Petechia |
| Papule | Palpable, circumscribed, solid elevation in skin; Smaller than 1cm (>Salt, < Pepper corn)) |
| Ecchymosis | Larger hemorrhages of purpura with superficial bleeding under the skin/mucous membranes; Ex: bruise |
| Petechiae | 1) Small, purplish, pinpoint purpuric, hemorrhagic spots on skin; Appear with platelet deficiences (thrombocytopenia) & many febrile illnesses. 2) Red spots from the bite of a flea (Macule) |
| Purpura | Any rash which blood cells leak into the skin/mucous membranes, usually at multiple sites; Purpuric rashes often are assoc. w/ disorders of coagulation/thrombosis; Pinpoint Purpuric - "petechiae" Larger Hemorrhages - "ecchymoses" |
| Wheal / Hives | Irregular shaped, elevated area of superficial localized edema; Varies in size; Ex: hive, mosquito bite |
| Cyst | Closed sac/pouch with a definate wall that contains fluid, semifluid, or solid material; Usually abnormal structures resulting from developmental abnormalities, obstruction of ducts, or parasitic infection. |
| Vesicle | Circumscribed elevation of the skin; Filled with serous fluid; Smaller than 1cm Ex: herpes simplex, chickenpox |
| Pustule | Circumscribed elevation of the skin; Similar to Vesicle, but filled with Pus; Varies in size; Ex: acne, staphylococcal infection |
| Keloid | Overgrowths of fibrous tissue/scars Occurs after skin injury; Spreads beyond borders of original lesion; Made-up of swirling mass of collagen fibers/fibroblasts; Grossly appears to have shiny surface/rubbery consistency; Common area:shoulders,chest,b |
| Fissure | An ulcer or cracklike sore; A grove, natural division, cleft, slit, or deep furrow in the brain, liver, spinal cord, & other organs; A break in the enamel of a tooth |
| Ulcer | Deep loss of skin surface that extends to dermis and frequently bleeds/scars; Result of prolonged ischemia (↓ blood supply) in tissues; Inflammation & usually over bony prominence Varies in size; Ex: venous stasis ulcer |
| Atrophy | ●Thinning of skin w/loss of normal skin furrow, appears shiny/translucent; Varies in size; Ex: arterial insufficiency ●Wasting away; diminution in size of a cell tissue/organ/part; ↓ muscle mass, due to extended immobility; from death/cell reabsorbti |
| Hypertrophy | Enlargement/overgrowth of organ, part, or skin; Due to ↑ in size of constituent cells |
| Exudate | ●Exudate describes amount, color, consistency, & odor of drainage; Excessive exudate indicates infection ●Fluid w/ high content of protein/cellular debris, which escaped from blood vessels, & deposited in tissues surface, usually result of inflammation. |
| Clubbing | Change in angle between nail & nail base (eventually larger than 180⁰); Nail bed softening, with nail flattening; Often enlargement of fingertips; Causes: chronic lack of O₂/ hear or pulmonary disease |
| Edema | Areas of skin become swollen or edematous; From buildup of fluid in the tissues; Common causes: direct trauma & impairment of venous return Measure: 1+ = 1 penny heighth/mm 2+ = 2 pennies 3+ = 3 pennies 4+ = 4 pennies |
| Mucosa | Mucous membrane/moist tissue layer that lines hallow organs & cavities of the body that open to environment; -epithelial layer -basement membrane -connective tissue (lamina propria) |
| Gingivitis | -Inflamation of gums. -Redness, swelling, tendency to bleed. -Improper hyigene, poorly fitted dentures, or appliances, or poor occlusion. -Stomatitis, scurvy, blood dyscrasias, metallic poisoning. |
| Hyperplasia(or "hypergenesis") | -Increase in number of cells/proliferation of cells. -Result in gross enlargement of an organ and the term is sometimes mixed with benign neoplasia / benign tumor. |
| Dental Caries (Cariology: study of dental caries) | -Tooth decay/cavity -Disease where bacterial processes damage hard tooth sturctures(enamel,dentin,cementum) -2 bacteria responsible; Streptococcus mutans/Lactobacillus -Lead to: pain,tooth loss,infection,death -Most common disease throughout world |
| Accomodation | -Process which vertebrate eye change optical power to maintain a clear image. -Focusing on an object as its distance changes. |
| Peripheral Vision | -Vision that occurs outside the very center of gaze. -Loss of peripheral vision: Tunnel vision -Loss of central vision: Central Scotoma |
| Retina | -Light-sensitive tissue lining inner surface of eye -Optics of the eye create image of visual world on the retina -creates nerve impulses sent to brain through fibers of the optic nerve II |
| Lens | -Posterior to the Iris -Changes shape to change focal distance of the eye -Transparent, biconvex, refract light to be focused on retina |
| Cornea | -Transparent, colorless portion of the eye. -Covers the pupil & iris -Side view; looks like crystal of watch |
| Conjunctiva | -Covers exposed surface of eyeball -Delicate membrane lining the eyelid & eyeball |
| Glaucoma | -Intraocular structural damage -Resulting from elevated intraocular pressure -Cause: obstruction of outflow of aqueous humor. -Without treatment the disorder will lead to blindness |
| Cataracts | -↑ opacity of the lens -blocks light rays -develops slowly & progressively after age 35 or suddenly after trauma -Most common eye disorder -Most 65+ have evidence of visual impairment from cataracts |
| Eustachian Tube (Auditory Tube) | -Narrow channel connecting the middle ear & the nasopharynx |
| Septum | -a dividing wall/partition |
| Turbinate Bones | -Small curved bone, extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal passage. (nasal concha) |
| Friction Rub | -Heard over anterior lateral lung field (sitting upright) -Inflamed pleura, parietal pleura rubbing against visceral pleura -Dry, rubbing/grating quality heard during inspiration/expiration -Doesn't clear w/cough -Loudest @ lower lateral anterior surf |
| Wheezes (sibilant wheeze) | -Heard over all lung fields -High-velocity airflow through severely narrowed/obstructed airway -High-pitched, continuous musical sounds like a squeak heard continuously during inspiration/expiration -Usually louder on expiration |
| Crackles | -Common in dependent lobes, rt/lft lung bases -Random, sudden reinflation groups of alveoli; disruptive passage of air thru sm airways -Fine crackles, high-pitched fine, short, interrupted crackle heard at end of inspiration -Usually not cleared w/coug |
| Rhonchi (sonorous wheeze) | -primarily over trachea & bronchi; loud enough, most lung fields -Muscular spasm, fluid/mucus in lrg airways, new growth/external pressure cause turbulence -Loud, low-pitched, rumbling course -Heard during inspiration/expiration -Sometimes clear w/cou |
| Bronchial | -Loud & high-pitched w/hollow quality -Expiration last longer than inspiration (3:2ratio) -Only over trachea -Created by air moving thru trachea close to chest wall |
| Bronchovesicular | -Blowing, medium pitched, medium intensity -Inspiratory phase is equal to expiratory phase -Best posteriorly btwn scapulae & anteriorly over bronchioles lateral to sternum @ 1st & 2nd intercostal spaces -Created by air moving thru lrg airways |
| Vesicular | -Soft, breezy, low-pitched -Inspiratory phase 3X longer than expiratory phase -Best over lung's periphery (except over scapula) -Created by air moving thru smaller airways |
| Barrel Chest (emphysematous chest) | -large, rounded thorax, as in inspiratory phase, considered normal in some stocky individuals & others who live in high-altitude areas & consequently have increased vital capacity. Barrel chest may also be sign of pulmonary emphysema. |
| Pectus Carinatum | -pigeon breast or chest; a condition of the chest in which the sternum is prominent, due to obstruction of infantile respiration or to rickets. |
| Pectus Excavatum | -funnel breast or chest; a congenital deformity in which the sternum is depressed. |
| Crepitus | -peculiar crackling, crinkly, or grating feeling/sound under skin, around lungs, or in joints. In soft tissues often due to gas, most often air, penetrated & infiltrated an area it shouldn't be -Crepitus in joint indicates cartilage wear in joint space |
| Fremitus | -A palpable vibration, as felt by the hand placed on the chest during coughing or speaking. |
| Dyspnea | -Difficult or labored breathing; shortness of breath. Dyspnea is a sign of serious disease of the airway, lungs, or heart. The onset of dyspnea should not be ignored; it is reason to seek medical attention. |
| Hypoventilation | -Reduced amt of air enters alveoli in lungs, resulting in decreased levels of oxygen & increased levels of carbon dioxide in blood. -Due to breathing that is too shallow (hypopnea) or too slow (bradypnea), or to diminished lung function |
| Hyperventilation | Overbreathing It causes dizziness,lightheadedness,sense of unsteadiness, tingling around mouth/fingertips -Severe enough to mimic early warning symptoms of MI & common emergency room visits in US -can be caused by serious metabolism disease/anxiety |
| Kussmal Respirations | -Tachypnea (increased RR & hyperpnea(normal but deep-emotional distress/diabetic ketoacidosis) -Causes: renal failure, metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Cheyne-Strokes | -Gradual increases & decreases in respirations w/periods of apnea -Causes: increasing intracranial pressure, brain stem injury, before death |
| Apnea | -Absence of breathing -Causes: deceased pt, head injury, stroke |
| Bradypnea | -Decreased respiratory rate (<12) -Causes: sleep, drugs, metabolic disorder, head injury, stroke |
| Tachypnea | -Increased respiratory rate (>20) -Causes: fever, anxiety, exercise, shock |
| Eupnea | Normal breathing rate & pattern |
| Pericardium | The membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane |
| Thrill | Continuous palpable sensation like cat purr Grade 1:Barely audible in quiet rm Grade 2:Clearly audible & quiet Grade 3:Moderate loud Grade 4:Loud-w/ associated thrill Grade 5:Very loud-thrill easily palpable Grade 6:Loud-w/o stethoscope-palpable&vis |
| Heave / Lift | -To raise or lift, especially with great effort or force -To make rise or swell: exhausted & heaving chest |
| Murmur (asymptomatic/sign of heart disease) (common in children) | -Sustained swishing/blowing heard at the beginning, middle, or end of systolic/diastolic phase. -Cause: ↑ blood flow thru normal valve, forward flow thru stenotic valve/into dilated vessel/heart chamber, or backward flow thru valve failed to close |
| Palpitations | -irregularities of the heartbeat such as a rapid or irregular heartbeat |
| Tachycardia | -A rapid heart rate, usually defined as greater than 100 beats per minute |
| Bradycardia | -A slow heart rate, usually defined as less than 60 beats per minute |
| Arrythmia | -An abnormal heart rhythm -too slow, too rapid, too irregular, or too early |
| Bruit | heard over artery/vascular channel, reflecting turbulence of flow. Most commonly caused by abnormal narrowing of artery Listening in neck w/stethoscope is simple way to screen for narrowing(stenosis) carotid artery, can be result of chol plaque buildup |
| Angle of Louis | the sternal angle between the manubrium and the body of the sternum |
| Manubrium | 1.The upper segment of the sternum with which the clavicle and the first two pairs of ribs articulate |
| Apex & Base of the Heart | Apex is the bottom tip of the heart and the base is the upper portion (what is heard better where?) |
| PMI (point of maximal impulse or apical impulse) | -The apex actually touches the anterior chest wall at approximately the 4th to 5th intercostal space just medial to the left midclavicular line. |
| Bounding Pulse | very strong pulse (+4) |
| Thready Pulse | weak pulse or difficult to palpate ( +1) |
| Agnosia | -Inability to recognize or comprehend sights, sounds, words, or other sensory information |
| Akinesia | -Complete/partial loss of muscle movement |
| Aphasia | -Absence or impairment of ability to communicate thru speech, writing, or signs -Due to brain dysfunction -Complete/total when both sensory & motor areas are involved |
| Dysphagia | -Inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing |
| Tremors | Involuntary shaking of the body or limbs |
| Kinesthetics | a sense that detects body position, weight or movement of muscle, tendons and joints |
| Graphathesia | Writing something in a palm and figure out what was written |
| Stereognosis | ability to perceive an object by using the sense of touch |
| Lethargic | –Drowsy or mild impairment of consciousness , reduced alertness and awareness |
| Gait | -A manner of walking |
| Lordosis | Swayback, increased lumbar curvature |
| Kyphosis | An exaggeration of the posterior curvature of the thoracic spine |
| Scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (s or c-shaped) |
Created by:
TACINOEL
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