Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
2012 ECA Bio
biology 1 eca review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pigments | light absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the suns energy |
| Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from? | sunlight with pigments |
| Chlorophyll | principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms |
| Thylakoids | saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplast |
| Stroma | fluid portion of the chloroplast outside the thylakoids |
| An electron carrier is a? | compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule |
| NADP+ | carrier molecule that transfers high energy electrons form chlorophyll to other molecule |
| Photosynthesis uses the energy of? | sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen |
| Light dependent reactions | a set of reactions in photosynthesis that carry energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
| Light independent reactions | a set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar also known as the Calvin Cycle. |
| Robert Hooke | used an early compound microscope to discover tiny chambers he soon named cells. |
| Leeuwenhoek | used single lens microscope to observe and identified bacteria. |
| Cells | basic units of life. |
| Schleiden | concluded that all plants are made of cells. |
| Schwann | concluded all animals are made of cells. |
| Virchow | concluded that new cells can be produced only from the division of existing cells. |
| Cell theory | fundamental concept of biology that states all living things are made up of cells, cells are basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. |
| Microscope | produces enlarged images of something very small by using lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light or electrons. |
| Objective lens | located above the specimen and is used to enlarge the image of the specimen. |
| Ocular lens | magnifies even further than the objective lens. |
| Electron microscope | used to study viruses and DNA molecules. |
| Mycoplasma | smallest cells. |
| DNA | molecule that carries biological information. |
| Cell membrane | a thin flexible barrier that surrounds all cells. |
| Nucleus | large membrane enclosed structure that contains genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cells activities. |
| Eukaryotes | cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei. |
| Prokaryotes | cells that do not enclose their DNA in nuclei. |
| What’s the difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes? | prokaryotes do not separate their genetic material within the nucleus and are less complex, while in eukaryotes the nucleus separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell. |
| What is the role of the chromosomes in cell division? | Cells must first make a copy of their genetic information before cell division takes place. |
| Chromosome | genetic information that is bundled into packages of DNA |
| Prokaryotic Chromosomes | Prokaryotes lack nuclei and most contain a single, circular DNA chromosome that contains all, or nearly all, of the cell’s genetic information. |
| Eukaryotic Chromosomes | generally have more DNA than prokaryotes have and therefore, contain multiple chromosomes. |
| Chromatin | substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones. |
| Why do cells go to such lengths to package their DNA into chromosomes? | Chromosomes make it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell division. |
| Cell Cycle | Series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells. |
| What are the main events of the cell cycle? | During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells. |
| Prokaryotic Cell Cycle | Regular pattern of growth, DNA replication and cell division that can take place very rapidly under ideal conditions. The process of cell division in prokaryotes is a form of asexual reproduction known as binary fisson. |
| Eukaryotic Cell Cycle | Consists of 4 Phases: G1, S, G2, and M |
| Interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| G1 Phase (Cell Growth) | Cells do most of their growing, increasing in size, and synthesizing new proteins and organelles. |
| S Phase (DNA Replication) | New DNA is synthesized when chromosomes are replicated containing twice as much DNA than in the beginning. |
| G2 Phase (Preparing for Cell Division) | Shortest of the three phases of interphase, when many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced. |
| M Phase (Cell Division) | When two daughter cells are produced |
| Mitosis | Pars of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides |
| Cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm to from two separate daughter cells |
| What events occur during prophase? | During prophase, the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the duplicated chromosomes become visible. Outside the nucleus, a spindle starts to form. |
| What events occur during metaphase? | During metaphase, the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the cell. |
| What events occur during anaphase? | During anaphase, the chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell. |
| What evens occur during telophase? | During telophase, the chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin. |
| Centromere | Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach |
| Chromatid | One of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome |
| Centriole | Structure in an animal cell that helps organize cell division |
| What contains Thylakoids, proteins, and clusters of chlorophyll? | Photosystems |
| A series of electron carrier protein that shuttle high energy electrons during ATP generating reactions. | Electron transport chain |
| Protein that spans the membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through it. | ATP synthase |
| Plants use energy to build stable high energy carbohydrate compounds. | Calvin cycle |
| What do light dependent reactions from? | oxygen and carriers of ATP and NADPH. |
| What happens in the light independent? | During the light independent reactions ATP and NADPH that form the light Dependent reaction are used to Produce High energy sugar. |
| What are the most important factors that affect photosynthesis? | They are temperature, light intensity, and the availability of water. |
| Can Photosynthesis stop entirely? | Photosynthesis can stop entirely if low temperature. |
| Why are most plants green? | The green color of most plants is caused by the reflection of green light by the pigment chlorophyll, pigments capture light dependent reactions of Photosynthesis. |
| Incomplete Dominance | situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele |
| Codominance | situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed |
| Multiple alleles | a gene that had more than two alleles |
| Polygenic Traits | trait controlled by two or more genes |
| True/False Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive? | True |
| Where does the heterozygous phenotype lie? | between the two homozygous phenotypes |
| True/False All genes exist in several different forms and are therefore said to have multiple alleles | False, Many genes |
| True/False Many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes | True |
| What does polygenic mean? | “many genes” |
| Does the environment have a role in how genes determine traits? | Environmental conditions can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits |
| RNA | Involved in putting DNA into action, it stands for Ribonucleic acid |
| Messenger RNA | It carries information from one part of the cell to the other parts |
| Ribosomal RNA | proteins that make up subunits of a cell |
| Transfer RNA | when a protein is built a transfer RNA moves the amino acid to the ribosomes |
| Transcription | segments of DNA that serve as templates to produce RNA molecules |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that transcription requires |
| Promoters | regions of DNA that have specific base sequences |
| Introns | portions of DNA that are cut out and not used |
| Exons | The remaining pieces of DNA after introns are taken out |
| Genetics | The scientific study of heredity |
| Fertilization | The process that produces a new cell |
| Trait | A specific characteristic of an individual |
| Hybrids | The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| Genes | Factors that are passed from parent to offspring |
| Alleles | The different forms of a gene |
| Principle of Dominance | A principle that states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive |
| Segregation | The separation of alleles during gamete formation |
| Gametes | A sex cell |
| Heredity | The delivery of characteristics from parent to offspring |
| Who founded the modern science of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| What is the males reproductive cell called? | Sperm |
| What is the females reproductive cell called? | Egg |
| True/False Many traits vary from one individual to another | True |
| What is a true breeding plant? | A plant that produces identical offspring |
| Cross pollination | take the sperm from one plant and put it onto the egg of another plant |
| Where does an organism get its unique characteristics? | It inherits them from its parents |
| How are different forms of a gene distributed to offspring? | During gamete formation the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene |
| Polypeptide | long chain of amino acids that make proteins |
| Genetic code | collection of codons of MRNA each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid |
| Codon | group of three nucleotides basis in MRNA that specify particular amino acid to be inquorate into protein. |
| Translation | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template. |
| Anticodon | group of three bases on a RNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of codons of MRNA. |
| Gene expression | process which a gene produces its products and the product carry out its function. |
| What is the genetic code and how is it read? | the genetic code is read three reasoned to a single amino acid |
| What role dose the ribosome play in assembling proteins? | ribosomes use the sequence of codons in MRNA to assemble amino acid in polypeptides chains |
| What is the central dogma of molecule biology? | the central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins |
| Messenger RNA | messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus and then enters the cytoplasm |
| What is AUG AAC UCU? | a codon is a group of three nucleotides bases in messenger RNA that specifies a particular amino acids |
| What are the chemical components of DNA? | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What is the meaning of base pairing? | Principle that bonds in DNA |
| What does helix mean? | Extended spiral chain of units in a protein |
| Who was a British scientist in the 1950s? | Rosalind Franklin |
| What does the double helix model tell us about DNA? | Double helix model explains Chargaff’s rule of base pairing and how the two strands of DNA are held together |
| Base pairing | A pairs with T, G pairs with C |
| Selective Breeding | Allowing only those animals with wanted characteristics to produce the next generation |
| Hybridization | Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms |
| Inbreeding | Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics |
| Biotechnology | Application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms |
| Polyploidy | Polyploidy plants and animals have many sets of chromosomes |
| Mutation | Heritable change in DNA |
| What did Charles Darwin suggest about the world and organisms? | He suggested that the world was very old and organisms could evolve or change over time |
| Evolution | the change over time of organisms |
| What did Darwin suggest about animals of the same species? | He suggested that they could be very different depending on their environment |
| What did Darwin notice about same species living in the same area? | He noticed that they could be very different depending on their habitats |
| How did Darwin connect fossils with present day animals? | They are all similar |
| What does evidence suggest about species? | Evidence suggests that species are not fixed and they can change at any time by natural processes |
| Fossils | preserved remains or traces of ancient animals |
| Canopy | Tall trees from a dense, leafy covering. |
| Understory | In the shade below the canopy shorter trees and vines form a layer. |
| Deciduous | A plant that sheds its leaves during a particular season. |
| Coniferous | Trees or conifers, produce seed |
| Humus | A material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter. |
| Taiga | Dense forest of coniferous evergreens along the northern edge of the temperate zone. |
| Permafrost | A layer of permanently frozen sub soil. |
| What abiotic and biotic factors characters biomes? | Biomes are described in terms of abiotic factors like climate and soil type, and biotic factors like plant and animal life. |
| what areas are not easily classified into a major biome. | Because they are not easily defined in terms of a typical community of plants and animals, mountain ranges and polar ice caps are not usually classified into biomes. |
| Demography | Scientific study of human populations |
| Thomas Malthus | English economist who suggested that the limiting factors of human populations were war, famine, and disease. His ideas later influenced the opinions of Charles Darwin |
| Demographic transition | Dramatic change from high birthrates/death rates to low birthrates/death rates |
| Age structure | Comparisons between the populations of each age |
| How has human population size changed over time? | The human population, like populations of other organisms, tends to increase. The rate of that increase has changed dramatically over time. |
| Why do population growth rates differ among countries? | Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure of a population help predict why some countries have high growth rates while other countries grow more slowly. |
| Ecological succession | a series of more or less predictable changes that occur in a community over time |
| Ecosystems changer over time especially after disturbances as some die out and…? | New species move in |
| Primary succession | succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older community. |
| Pioneer species | first species to populate an area during succession |
| Ecological succession | involves changes that occur one after the other as species move into and out of a community |
| Secondary succession | when disturbance affects the community with out completely destroying it. |
| One species alters its environment other species find it easier to complete for? | Resources |
| In _________ succession healthy ecosystems follow natural disturbances that often reproduce the original climax community? | Secondary |
| ________ may or may not recover from extensive human caused disturbances? | Ecosystems |
| Weather | The day to day condition of earth’s atmosphere |
| Climate | Average conditions over long periods |
| Microclimates | Environmental conditions can very over small distances |
| Greenhouse effect | Allows visible light to enter but traps heat |
| What is the regions climate defined by? | It is defined by the year to year patterns of temperature and precipitation. |
| What factors determine global climate? | Global climate is shaped by many factors, including solar energy trapped in the biosphere, latitude, and the transport of heat by winds and ocean currents. |
| Embryo is | developing stage of a multicellular organism |
| Specialized plant cells are cells that | store sugar, transport materials and carry out photosynthesis |
| Differentiation is | process by which cells become specialized |
| The process of differentiation determines | cells identity |
| Totipotent cells | cells able to develop into any type of cell found in the body |
| Blastocyst | hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside |
| What is the difference between outer cells and inner cells | outer cells form a tissue that attaches the embryo to its mother. Inner cell mass becomes the embryo itself |
| Pluripotent cells | cells that can develop into most but not all of the body’s cell types |
| The unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop are known as | stem cells |
| Multipotent cells | cells with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells |
| Stem cells offer the potential benefit of using undifferentiated cells to | repair or replace badly damaged cells and tissues |
| Harvest | is the act or process of gathering |
| Energy is | The ability to do work. |
| Energy comes | In many forms such as: light, heat, and electricity. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy. |
| ATP consists of | Adenine, a 5 carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | Compound that looks almost like ATP, but has two phosphate groups instead of three, energy can be stored in small amounts by adding phosphate groups to ADP molecules(producing ATP). |
| ATP can easily | Release and store energy by breaking and reforming the bonds between its phosphate group, making it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells. |
| Difference between ATP and ADP | ATP is better for transferring energy, and ADP can store larger amounts of energy. |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things for energy. |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that make their own food. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which autotrophs use energy of sunlight to produce high energy carbohydrates (sugars and starches) that can be used as food. |
| In the process of photosynthesis | Plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates. |
| Cyclin | one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cell |
| Growth factor | one of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells |
| Apoptosis | process of programmed cell death |
| Cancer | disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth |
| Tumor | mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue |
| Regulate | to control or direct |
| Internal regulators respond to what? | they respond to events occurring inside the cell |
| External regulators respond to what? | they respond to events outside the cell |
| What role does Apoptosis play? | it plays a key role in development by shaping the structure of tissues and organs in plants and animals |
| What is the problem with cancer cells? | Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells |
| What causes cancer? | cancers are caused by defects in gene that regulate cell growth and division |
| What is the passive transport? | Every living cell exists in a liquid environment. Most important functions of the cell membrane is to keep the cells internal conditions relatively constant, it does this by regulating the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other. |
| What does cellular cytoplasm consists of? | Many different substances dissolved in water. In any solution, solute particles move constantly. They collide with one another and tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. |
| Diffusion | Is the process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| What is diffusion? | It’s the driving force behind the movement of many substances across the cell membrane. |
| Passive transport | Is the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy. |
| What does diffusion depend on? | It depends on random particles. Therefore substances diffuse across membranes without requiring the cell to use additional energy. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Is the process in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels. |
| Aquaporins | Water channel protein in a cell. |
| Osmosis | Is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Isotonic | When the concentration of two solutions is the same. |
| Hypertonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration solutes. |
| Osmotic pressure | Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| What is active transport? | The movement of materials against a concentration difference. |
| Active transport | Requires energy. |
| Endocytosis | Is the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings or packets of the cell membrane. |
| Phagocytosis | is a type of endocytosis in which extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. |
| What are two reasons why cells divide rather than continuing to grow? | The larger a cell becomes the more demands the cell places on its DNA and a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane. |
| Where do living cells store critical information? | In a molecule known as DNA. |
| What is used for cell growth? | The information is used to build molecules needed for cell growth. |
| Why are cells like towns? | If the cell or “town” gets too large it would more difficult to get sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients in and waste products. |
| What depends on cells volume? | The rate at which food and oxygen are used up and waste products are produced depends on the cells volume. |
| What depends on surface area? | The rate at which the exchange takes place depends on the surface on the cell which is the total area of the cell membrane. |
| What is cell division? | The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells. |
| What happens before cell division occurs? | The cell replicates |
| The production of genetically of genetically identical offspring from a single parent is known as what? | Asexual reproduction |
| Asexual reproduction also occurs in what kind of organisms? | Multicellular organisms |
| What is sexual reproduction? | A type of reproduction in which cells form from two parents. Two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism. |
| How do plants reproduce? | Asexually |
| What is a survival strategy for single celled organisms? | Asexual Reproduction |
| What is a disadvantage? | Lack of Genetic Diversity |
| What is a different strategy? | Sexual Reproduction, it requires a mate which provides the genetic diversity. |
| Which organisms reproduce both sexually and asexually? | Yeast |
| What is cytoplasm? | Portion of the cell outside the nucleus. |
| What are organelles? | Specialized organs, “little organs” |
| What is a vacuole? | Large, saclike, membrane |
| What are lysosomes? | Small organelles filled with enzymes |
| What is a cytoskeleton? | A network of protein filaments |
| What are microfilaments? | Threadlike structures made up of a protein. |
| What are microtubules? | Hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins. |
| What is a centriole? | Located near the nucleus and help organize cell division. |
| What are ribosomes? | Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells. |
| What is an Endoplasmic Reticulum? | ER, Internal membrane system |
| What are Golgi apparatus’s? | Proteins produced in the rough ER move next into an organelle |
| What are chloroplasts? | biological equivalents of solar power plants, chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. |
| What are mitochondria? | power plants of the cell |
| What is a cell wall? | strong supporting layer around the membrane |
| What is the Lipid bilayer? | gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. |
| What is selectively permeable? | substances can pass across them and others cannot. |
| Operon | a group of genes that are regulated together |
| Operator | The other region |
| RNA Inference | blocking gene expression by means of miRNA silencing complex |
| Differentiation | becoming specialized in structure and function |
| Homeotic genes | regulates organs that develop in specific parts of the body |
| Homeobox genes | code foe transcription factors that activate other organs that are important in cell development and differentiation |
| Hox genes | in flies, a group of homeobox genes |
| What do DNA Binding protein in prokaryotes? | regulate genes by controlling transcription |
| What do you get by binding DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of eukaryotic genes? | transcription factors control the expression of those genes |
| Master control genes are like what? | switches that trigger particular patterns of development and differentiation in cells and tissue |
| Homologous | each set of chromosomes from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent |
| Diploid | two sets |
| Haploid | one set |
| Meiosis | process in which the number of chromosomes in per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| Tetrad | four chromatids |
| Crossing over | when homologous chromosomes form tetrads |
| Zygote | a fertilized egg |
| The diploid cell of most adult organisms | contain two complete sets of inherited chromosomes and two complete sets of genes |
| Prophase 1 of meiosis | each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome |
| Metaphase 1 of meiosis | paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
| Anaphase 1 | spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair towards opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | a nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes |
| Cytokinesis | follows telophase 1 forming two cells |
| Prophase 2 | chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids become visible |
| Metaphase 2 | chromosomes line up at the center of each cell |
| Final four phases of meiosis 2 | similar to meiosis 1, the end result is four haploid daughter cells |
| Mitosis | two sets of genetic material separate each set of chromosomes. Does not normally change the chromosome number of the original cell. Results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells. |
| Watson and crick | discovered the structure of DNA. |
| Base pairing | Base pairing in the double helix explains how DNA can be copied or replicated, because each base on one strand pairs with one base on the opposite strand. |
| Replication | Before a cell divides it duplicates it’s DNA in a copying process. This process which occurs during late interphase of the cell cycle, ensures that each resulting cell has the same complete set of DNA molecules. |
| Bases | If the base on the old strand is adenine, the thymine is added to the newly formed strand. |
| DNA replication | DNA is carried out by a series of enzymes. first unzip a molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs and unwinding the two strands of the molecules. Each strand then serves as a template for the attachment of complementary bases. |
| Replication | Process of copying DNA prior to cell division. |
| DNA Polymerase | Enzyme that joins individual’s nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA. |
| Telomeres | Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome. |
| Replication & Prokaryotic cells | Starts from a single point and proceeds in two directions until the entire chromosomes are copied. |
| Telomerase | a special enzyme, cells use to solve this problem by adding short, repeated DNA sequences to the telomeres. |
| Rapidly dividing cells | In rapidly dividing cells, such as stem cells and embryotic cells, telomerase helps prevent genes from being damaged or lost during replication. |
| Replication in living cells | Eukaryotic chromosome consist of DNA, tightly packed together with proteins to form a substance called chromatin. DNA and histons molecules form a beadlike structure called nucleosomes. |
| Eukaryotic DNA replication | in eukaryotic cells, replication may begin at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule, proceeding in both directions until each chromosome are completely copied. |
| Probability | likelihood that a particular event will occur. |
| Homozygous | organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular gene. |
| Heterozygous | organisms that have two different alleles for the same gene. |
| Phenotype | physical traits. |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup. |
| What are three different genotypes? | TT (pure dominant, homozygous), Tt (heterozygous), tt (pure recessive, homozygous). |
| Punnett Square | use mathematical probability to help predict genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses. |
| Independent Assortment | genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. |
| Mutations | when cells make mistakes in copying their own DNA, inserting the wrong base or even skipping a base as a strand; variations |
| What are the categories of mutations? | gene mutations: changes in a single gene. Chromosomal mutations: changes in whole chromosomes. |
| Point Mutations | gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides; they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. |
| Types of point mutations | substitutions, insertions, deletions; occur during replication. |
| Substitution | when one base is changed to a different base. |
| Insertions | when one base is inserted into the DNA sequence. |
| Deletions | when one base is removed from the DNA sequence. |
| Genetic Code | read three bases at a time. |
| Frameshift Mutations | shift the “reading frame” of the genetic message; another name for insertions and deletions. |
| Types of chromosomal mutations | deletion, duplication, and translocation. |
| Genetic Material | can be altered by natural events or artificial means. |
| Mutagens | chemical or physical agents in the environment. |
| Chemical Mutagens | pesticides. |
| Physical Mutagens | electromagnetic radiation. |
| Polyploidy | the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes. |
| Griffith | Injected mice w/ bacteria. Found that separately,neither heat killed,disease causing,or harmless bacteria killed mice, but 2 strains mixed together (harmless+heat killed) did. Inferred that genetic info can be transferred from 1 bacteria strain to another |
| Transformation (Griffith’s experiment) | one type of bacteria changes permanently into another |
| Who inferred that genetic information could be transferred from one bacteria strain to another? | Griffith |
| Avery | After experiments, discovered DNA is transforming factor, and stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next. |
| Who, by observing bacterial transformation, discovered that DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of bacteria to the next? | Avery |
| Bacteriophage (Avery’s experiment) | a kind of virus that infects bacteria |
| Hershey and Chase | Confirmed Griffith’s experiments. Concluded that genetic material is made up of DNA by studying bacteriophages |
| Who confirmed that DNA was the genetic material found in not just viruses and bacteria, but all living cells? | Hershey and Chase |
| What is DNA’s job? | to store information |
| What is the role DNA in heredity? | to store, copy, and transmit the genetic information in a cell |
| Adaptation | A heritable change to strike in your environment |
| Fitness | Describe how well an animal can survive and reproduce |
| Natural Selection | Animals most suited to its environment will survive and reproduce |
| How are species that are similar but unrelated formed? | They are formed by they both adapt to survive in the same environment. |
| What was Darwin’s main line of work? | Natural selection |
| What book did Darwin publish in 1859? | On the Origin of Species |
| Genome | is the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA |
| Karyotype | A Karyotype shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs arranged in order of decreasing size |
| Sex chromosomes | two of 46 chromosomes in the human genome |
| Autosomes | 44 of the human chromosomes |
| Sex linked gene | is a gene located on a sex chromosomes |
| Pedigree | analyze the pattern of inheritance fallowed by a particular trait |
| What makes us human? | karyotypes |
| How many genes are found on the x chromosomes? | more than 1200 |
| Xx represents what gender? | female |
| Xy represents what gender? | male |
| What follows a pattern of simple dominance? | human traits |
| What displays human dominant inheritance? | alleles |
| Restriction enzymes | enzymes that cut DNA into smaller pieces |
| Gel electrophoresis | technique used to separate and analyze DNA fragments |
| Bioinformatics | application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data |
| Genomics | study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions |
| By using tools that cut, separate, and then replicate DNA base by base scientists can now what? | Read the bas sequences and DNA from any cell. |
| DNA fragments are put in wells in gel, then? | Electric voltage moves them across the gel. |
| Which moves faster, shorter or longer fragments? | Shorter |
| After an hour or two, the fragments separate and appear as what on the gel? | A band |
| Single stranded DNA fragments are placed in the test tube containing DNA polymerase along with the four bases. What is added to some base, which causes synthesis in that strand to stop? | Chemical dye |
| What were the goals of the Human Genome Project, and what has been learned so far from it? | The Human Genome Project was a thirteen year International effort, with the main goals of sequencing all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identifying all human genes |
| How does the huge amounts of human DNA become sequenced quickly? | Researchers must break up the whole genome into manageable pieces to determine the base sequences in widely separated regions of DNA strand to use as markers. The markers allow scientiest to locate and return to specific locations in the DNA |
| What do biologists call single base differences? | SNPs(snips) or single nucleotide polymorphisms |
| The International HapMap project began in 2002. What reason was it started for? | To locate and identify as many haplotypes in human population as possible |
| What is the aim of the International HapMap Project? | To give scientists a rapid way to identify haplotypes associated with various disease and conditions to pave the way to more effective life |
| Closely linked SNPs are called | haplotypes or haploid genotypes |
| When did the Human Genome Project end? | 2003 |
| Where is the data now available? | The Internet |
| What field of study was the Human Genome Project considered? | Bioinformatics |
| At about how many locations do single | base DNA differences occur in humans? |
| What law did President George Bush sign preventing insurance and employers from discriminating based of genetic tests? | Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act |
| What will the 1000 Genomes Project, launched in 2008 do? | Study genomes of 1,000 people to produce a detailed catalogue of human variation |
| Nondisjunction | which means not coming apart |
| How does small changes in DNA molecules affect human traits? | Changes in a gene’s DNA sequence can change proteins by altering their amino acid sequences which may directly affect one’s phenotype |
| What is sickle cell disease? | Sickle cell disease is caused by a defective allele for beta |
| What is cystic fibrosis Caused by? | CF is most common among people of European ancestry. It’s caused by a genetic change almost as small as the earwax allele |
| What is Huntington’s disease is caused by? | Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant allele for a protein found in the brain cells. |
| What is the effect of errors in meiosis? | If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes may result, leading to a disorder of chromosome numbers. |
| Nondisjunction | which means not coming apart |
| How does small changes in DNA molecules affect human traits? | Changes in a gene’s DNA sequence can change proteins by altering their amino acid sequences which may directly affect one’s phenotype |
| What is sickle cell disease? | Sickle cell disease is caused by a defective allele for beta |
| What is cystic fibrosis Caused by? | CF is most common among people of European ancestry. It’s caused by a genetic change almost as small as the earwax allele |
| What is Huntington’s disease is caused by? | Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant allele for a protein found in the brain cells. |
| What is the effect of errors in meiosis? | If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes may result, leading to a disorder of chromosome numbers. |
| Gene Therapy | The process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder |
| DNA microarray | Technology to study hundreds or even thousands of genes at once to understand their activity levels |
| DNA fingerprinting | Analyzes sections of DNA that may have little or no function but that vary widely from one individual to another |
| Forensics | The scientific study of crime scene evidence |
| Genetic modification could lead to better, less expensive and more nutritious food as well as less | harmful manufacturing processes. |
| Recombinant | DNA technology is the source of some of the most important and exciting advances in the prevention and treatment of disease. |
| What is the definition of biosphere? | consists of all life on earth and all the parts of earth in which life exists, including land, water, and atmosphere. |
| What is a specie? | a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. |
| What is a population? | a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. |
| What is a community? | an assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area. |
| What is ecosystem? | all organisms that live together with their physical environment. |
| What is a biome? | a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical environments. |
| What’s the study of ecology? | it is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment. |
| What was the scientific study Lewis Thomas studied? | Thomas studied ecology. |
| Is “muck” an abiotic or biotic factor? | muck is actually both an abiotic factor and biotic factor because it consist of abiotic factors such as dirt and sand, but also biotic factors such as leaf mold. |
| What is the definition of observation? | observation is the process of noticing and describing events or process’ in an orderly way. |
| What is the definition of experimentation? | experimentation is the process of testing hypothesis. |
| What is the definition of modeling? | they consist of mathematical formulas based on data collected through observation and experimentation. |
| What is a biotic factor? | any organism that is alive in an environment. |
| What is abiotic factors? | anything not alive such as water, sunlight, humidity, soil type, etc.… |
| Can biotic and abiotic factors live together in the same environment together? | yes |
| What are the three methods ecologists use in their work? | observation, experimentation, and modeling. |
| What step is observation in the ecological method? | observation is the first step in the ecological method. |
| What step is experimentation in the ecological method? | experimentation is the second step in the ecological method. |
| What step is modeling in the ecological method? | modeling is the last step in the ecological method. |
| Molecular clock | Compares stretches of DNA to mark the passage of evolutionary time. |
| What was Darwin’s hunch about the growth of embryos? | It could transform adult body shape and size. |
| Where do new genes come from? | One way in which new genes evolve is through the duplication, and then modification, of existing genes. |
| Extinct | Something that has died out |
| Paleontologist | Researcher who studies fossils to learn about ancient life. |
| Relative Dating | Places rock layers and fossils in a temporal sequence. |
| Index Fossils | Distinctive fossils used to establish and compare the relative ages of rock layers and the fossils they contain. |
| Radiometric Dating | Uses radioactive isotopes to date rock layers and the fossils they contain. |
| Half Life | The time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. |
| Geological Time Scale | Timeline of Earth’s history. |
| Eons are divided into _________? | Eras |
| Eras are subdivided into _________? | Periods |
| What is Plate Tectonics? | A theory that explains movements as the result of solid “plates”, moving slowly over Earth’s mantle. |
| How Does natural selection effect single gene and polygenic traits? | natural selection on single gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies natural selection in polygenic traits can affect the elective fitness |
| Directional selection | when individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness then others in the middle or other end of the curve |
| Stabilizing selection | when individuals at the high point of the curve have higher fitness then individuals and either end of the curve |
| Disruptive selection | when individuals at the outer end of the curves have higher fitness then individuals in the middle of the curve have |
| What is genetic drift? | over time a series of chance occurrences can cause an allele to become more or less common |
| Genetic drift | random change in allele frequency |
| Bottleneck effect | change in allele frequency, following a dramatic reduction in size of the population |
| Founder effect | allele frequencies change as a result of migration of a small sub group |
| What conditions are required to maintain a genetic equilibrium? | these things cannot occur (1)nonrandom mating (2)small population (3)immigration (4)mutations (5)natural selection |
| Genetic equilibrium | allele frequencies in a gene pool don’t change |
| Hardy Weinberg principle | states that allele frequencies in a population should remain constant |
| Sexual selection | individuals select mates based on heritable traits, such as size, strength, or coloration |
| Gene pool | consists of all the genes, including all of the different alleles for reach gene that are present in a population. |
| Allele Frequency | the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene |
| Single gene trait | a traits controlled by only one gene |
| Polygenic traits | many traits controlled by two or more genes |
| What is a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time? | evolution |
| Three sources of genetic variation are? | Mutation, genetic recombination during sexual reproduction and lateral gene transfer |
| What is lateral gene transfer? | eukaryotic organisms, genes are passed are passed only from parents to off spring during sexual or asexual repo |
| Food chain | series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten |
| Phytoplankton | photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean |
| Food web | network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem |
| Zooplankton | small, free, floating animals that form part of a plankton. |
| Trophic level | each step in a food chain or food web |
| Ecological pyramid | illustration of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web |
| Bio mass | total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level |
| What flows through an ecosystem in a one way stream, from primary producers to various consumers? | Energy |
| What shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or a food web? | Pyramids of energy |
| A__________Illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level? | pyramid of biomass |
| A__________shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level of organisms? | Pyramid of numbers |
| A biogeochemical is? | The process in which elements, chemicals, compounds, and other forms of matter are passes from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another. |
| What are nutrients? | They are chemical substances that an organism needs to survive, or sustain life. |
| What is a nitrogen fixation? | the process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb. |
| What is dentrification? | The process by which bacteria converts nitrates into nitrogen gas. |
| What is a limiting nutrient? | A single essential nutrient that limits productivity in an ecosystem. |
| Water continuously moves through the____________, ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬____________, and__________(sometimes outside living organisms and sometimes in them) | Oceans/atmosphere/land |
| Do scientist still have questions about the carbon cycle? | Yes |
| Phosphorous is important because? | This element is used in our bodies for the production of DNA and RNA. |
| Does Phosphorous enter the atmosphere in significant amounts? | No |
| If a farmer plants corn two years in a row will wheat grow in that field well and why? | No because the amounts of nutrients in the soil is limiting the growth of the plants |
| Living organisms are composed of what four main elements? | Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| Unlike the one way flow of energy, matter is ___________within and between the ecosystems. | Recycled |
| What is the biological process? | consists of any and all activities preformed by living organisms, which include eating, breathing, burning food, and eliminating waste products. |
| What are geological processes | Volcanic eruptions, the formation and breakdown of rocks and major movement of matter within and below the surface of the earth. |
| What is chemical and physical processes | the formation of clouds and precipitation the flow of running water, and the action of lightning. |
| Human activity affect the cycle of matter, how? | including the mining and burning of fossil fuels |
| Every organism needs ________ to build tissues and carry out life functions. | Nutrients |
| Oxygen gas in the atmosphere is released by __________? | is released by the photosynthesis |
| __________ is the major component of all organism compounds? | Carbon |
| Homeostasis | relatively constant internal physical and Chomical conditions that organisms maintain |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells that preforms a particular function |
| Organ | group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions |
| Organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| Receptor | to which the signaling molecule can bind |
| To maintain homeostasis unicellular organism must do what? | grow, respond to the environment, transform energy and reproduce. |
| How do the cells of multicellular organisms work together to maintain homeostasis? | the cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one to maintain homeostasis |
| Specialized animal cells | millions of cells that work like street sweepers. These cells line the upper air passages as you breathe |
| Specialized plant cells | It releases pollen grains, some of the worlds most specialized cells. |
| How do individual cells maintain homeostasis? | to maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grows’ respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce |
| Limiting factor | A factor that controls the growth of a population |
| Density dependent limiting factors | The number of organisms per unit area |
| Density independent limiting factors | Factors that affect all populations in similar ways |
| What do limiting factors determine? | The carrying capacity of an environment for a species |
| What do density dependent limiting factors include? | Completion, predation, herbivory, parasitism |
| What can unusual weather such as hurricanes, droughts, or floods and natural disasters such as wildfires, do? | Act as density independent limiting factors |
| What are major predators to codfish in New England? | Humans |
| What is a limiting factor? | A factor that controls the growth of a population |
| What are three independent limiting factors? | Predator Prey Relationships. Herbivore Effects. Humans as predators |
| What is a density independent limiting factor? | Natural Weather |
| The ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances is? | Tolerance |
| The general place where an organism lives is? | Habitat |
| True or false, organisms have an upper and lower limit of tolerance for every environmental factor? | True |
| Species tolerance for environmental conditions helps determine its? | Habitat |
| This describes not only what an organism does, but also how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors in the environment. | Niche |
| The term ______________ can refer to any necessity of life? | Resource |
| Biological _____________ of an organisms niche involve the biotic factor it requires for survival? | Aspects |
| The sunlit region near the surface in which photosynthesis can occur | Photic zone |
| Non sunlit dark region where photosynthesis can’t occur | Aphotic zone |
| Organisms that live on or in rocks and sediments in the bottoms of lakes, streams, and oceans | Benthos |
| General term that includes phytoplankton and zooplankton | Plankton |
| An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface for at least part of the year | Wetland |
| Special type of wetland formed where a river meets a sea | Estuary |
| Are affected primarily by water depth, temperature, flow, and amount of dissolved nutrients | Aquatic Organisms |
| What does water depth influence | Aquatic Life |
| What often varies within depth of water | Temperature |
| What can cause warm water to flow into a generally cooler area of open ocean | Currents |
| Which four substances do organisms need to live | Oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium |
| Only three percent of earth’s surface is covered in what | Fresh water |
| What are the three main categories of fresh water ecosystems | rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, and fresh water wetlands |
| Where do rivers, streams, brooks, and creeks originate | underground |
| What are food webs in lakes and ponds usually based off of | plankton and attached algae and plants |
| What important environmental functions do wetlands have | purify water and help prevent flooding |
| What do estuaries serve as that is important to fish and shellfish reproduction | spawning and nursery grounds |
| Ecologists typically divide the ocean into zones based on_______ and ______ from shore | depth and distance |
| Organisms in the intertidal zone are submerged at high tide and exposed to ______ at low tide | Air and sunlight |
| Name the characteristics of coastal ocean | brightly lit and supplied with nutrients from freshwater runoff |
| What two zones can the open ocean be divided into | photic and aphotic |
| How do life systems operate? | By expending energy |
| Organisms need energy for what? | Growth, Reproduction, and their own metabolic processes |
| If there was no energy there would be? | No life reproduction |
| How do the best known and most common primary producers harness solar energy? | Photosynthesis |
| What do organisms do when they can’t use photosynthesis? | Chemosynthesis |
| Autotrophs | algae, certain bacteria, and plants can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert in to forms things that living cells can use |
| Primary producers | first producers of energy |
| Photosynthesis | capture light and uses it to power chemical reaction that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen |
| Chemosynthesis | chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates |
| Herotrophs | animals, fungi, and many bacteria cannot directly harness energy from environment as primary producers |
| Consumers | organism that rely only on other organisms for energy and nutrients |
| Species | a population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| Speciation | the formation of a new species. |
| Reproductive isolation | two populations that no longer interbreed. |
| What happens when populations become reproductively isolated | they can evolve into two separate species. |
| Name some ways that reproductive isolation can develop | including behavioral isolation, geographic isolation, and temporal isolation. |
| Behavioral isolation | two populations are capable of interbreeding develop differences in courtship rituals and other behaviors. |
| Geographic isolation | two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as water, mountains, and rivers. |
| Temporal isolation | two or more species that reproduce at different times. |
| How might the founder effect and natural selection have produced reproductive isolation that could have led to speciation among Galapagos finches? | According to this hypothesis, speciation is Galapagos finches occurred by the founding of a new population, geographic isolation, changes in the new populations gene pool, behavioral isolation, and ecological competition. |
| Many years ago a few finches from South America arrived in the Galapagos islands. Because of the founder effect what happen? | allele frequencies of this founding finch population could have differed from allele frequencies in the original South American population. |
| What are examples of changes in finch gene pools | If there was a specific type of nut, then there was a bird that had a specialized beak. |
| Give an example of competition and continued evolution in finches | Based on beak specialization certain subspecies would survive longer than other species. All of the isolations could have produced over 13 different finch species that are around today. |
| What processes influence whether species and clades survive or become extinct? | if the rate of speciation in a clade is equal to or greater than the rate of extinction, the clade will continue to exist and if the rate of extinction in a clade is greater than the rate of speciation the clade will eventually become extinct. |
| How fast does evolution take place? | Evidence shows that evolution has often proceeded at different rates for different organisms at different times over a long history of life on earth. |
| What are two patterns of macroevolution? | Adapted radiation and Convergent evolution. |
| What evolutionary characteristics are typical of coevolving species? | The relationship between two coevolving organisms often becomes so specific that nether organism can survive without the other. |
| Macroevolutionary patterns | the grand transformations in anatomy, phylogeny, ecology, and behavior, which usually takes place in clades larger than a single species. |
| Background extinction | species becoming extinct over a slow and steady process known as “business as usual”. |
| Mass extinction | many species becoming extinct over a relatively short period of time. |
| Gradualism | the process of evolution being slow and steady. |
| Punctuated equilibrium | the term used to describe equilibrium that is interrupted by brief period of more rapid change. |
| Adaptive radiation | the process in which a single species or a small group of species evolves over a relatively short time into several different forms that live in different ways. |
| Convergent evolution | a process of evolution that produces similar structures and characteristics in distantly related organisms. |
| Coevolution | the process in which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time. |
| How is mass extinction different from background extinction? | Mass extinction happens in a relatively short period of time and background extinction happens in a slow process. |
| What is the difference between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism? | Punctuated equilibrium is slow and steady but is interrupted while gradualism is slow and steady and isn’t interrupted. |
| What do scientist hypothesize about early earth and the origins of life? | The Earth’s Atmosphere contained little or no origin. |
| Miller and Urey experiment suggested? | how many mixtures of the organic compounds necessary for life |
| What is RNA? | RNA is hypothesis proposes that is existed. |
| What theory explains the origin of eukaryotes cells? | Eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells. |
| What is the evolutionary significance of sexual reproduction? | The development of sexual reproduction speeds up evolutionary. |
| Endosymbiosis Theory | that proposes that eukaryotic cells formed from symbiotic relation among several diff prokaryotic cells. |
| Geographic Range is | the are inhabited by a population. |
| Population density | refers to the number of individuals per unit area. |
| Age structure | the number of males and females of each age a population contains. |
| What can happen when organisms move to a new environments | its population can grow exponentially for a time |
| Exponential growth | is the larger a population gets the faster it grows under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially |
| Immigration | a population may grow if individuals move into its range from elsewhere |
| Emigration | the other hand a population may decrease in size if individuals move off the populations range. |
| Exponential growth | the larger a population gets, the faster it grows. |
| Birthrate and death rate | population can grow if more individuals are born that die in only period of time. |
| What is the difference between immigration and emigration | a population may grow if individuals move into its range. |
| Phase 1 of logistic growth | exponential growth |
| Phase 2 of logistic growth is | the population growth slows down but the population does not decrees. |
| Phase3 of logistic growth is | the growth stops. |
Created by:
eyoder
Popular Biology sets