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Virus/Immunolo Terms
10th grade Honors Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active Immunity | The immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen |
| AIDS | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy |
| Antibody | A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood |
| Antigen | A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, esp. the production of antibodies |
| Arthritis | Painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints |
| Asthma | A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. It usually results from an allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity |
| Autoimmune Disease | any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues |
| B-cell | A lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies, *plasma cells, to make the antibodies *memory cells, for future invasions |
| B-lymphocyte | (B lymphocytes) White blood cells that make antibodies and are an important part of the immune system. B lymphocytes come from bone marrow. Also called B cells. |
| marrow | A soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced (often taken as typifying strength and vitality) |
| capsid | The protein coat or shell of a virus particle, surrounding the nucleic acid or nucleoprotein core |
| core | Virus's genetic info (DNA and RNA) |
| cilia | A short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure. |
| helper T-cell | the specialized white blood cell that tells other parts of the immune system to combat infection or foreign material |
| histamine | A compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries |
| interferon | A protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, that has the property of inhibiting virus replication |
| interleukin | Messenger molecule between the different cells of the immune system. Released by macrophages and cause body aches, chills, and fevers |
| killer T-cells | an immune system cell (cytotoxic lymphocyte) that directly kills other infected cells in the body (e.g., cancer cells, cells infected by a virus). Also called natural killer cells. |
| lymph system | system of vessels and glands in the body that circulates and cleans extracellular fluid |
| lysis | Breaking of cells after virus infection |
| lysogenic | Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome |
| Lysozyme | an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria |
| lytic | The lytic cycle is typically considered the main method of viral replication, since it results in the destruction of the infected cell. |
| macrophage | A type of white blood cell that engulf invading antigenic molecules, viruses, and microorganisms and then display fragments of the antigen to activate helper T cells; ultimately stimulating the production of antibodies against the antigen. |
| mast cell | The cells in the body that produce the chemical histamine, which causes allergy symptoms. |
| memory cell | A long-lived lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production |
| nanometer | One billionth of a meter |
| natural killer cell | A lymphocyte able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the stimulation of antigens, and kill them by the insertion of granules containing perforin |
| nonspecific immunity | A very general mechanism to protect against infections by preventing pathogens from entering the body. |
| parasite | An organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense |
| passive response | Antibodies from different source other than host. |
| phagocyte | A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles |
| plasma cell | a cell that develops from a B lymphocyte in reaction to a specific antigen; found in bone marrow and sometimes in the blood |
| primary response | "Skin": Flexible barrier, oil and sweat create an acidic environment+contain lysozyme (enzyme that breaks cells) "Nose hairs": trap particles "Mucus" trap particles, some enzymes "Cilia" remove particles from throat |
| retrovirus | Any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate, e.g., HIV |
| secondary response | "inflammatory response" wbc/phagocytes i.e macrophages, natural killer cells kill pus/dead wbc) |
| specific defense | A very precise mechanism, targeting particular invaders by tracking down and destroying harmful pathogens that have entered the body. |
| suppressor t-cell | A kind of T cell that causes B cells, and other cells, to ignore antigens. |
| t-cell | One type of white blood cell that attacks virus infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells. T cells are immune system cells that develop in the thymus gland |
| thymus | A lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system. The human thymus becomes much smaller at the approach of puberty |
| vaccine | A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases |
| virus | An infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host |
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