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Name the four layers of the esophagus:
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The _____ originates at C6 and is anterior to the vertebral bodies posterior to the trachea and heart.
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Alimentary Canal
Digestive System: Ch 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the four layers of the esophagus: | fibrous, muscular, submucosal and mucosal layers |
| The _____ originates at C6 and is anterior to the vertebral bodies posterior to the trachea and heart. | esophagus |
| The esophagus meets the stomach at the ___________. | esophagogastric junction |
| Describe the centering point for esophogram films: | T5-T6 |
| What is the degree of obliquity for esophagram films? | 35-40 degrees |
| The Val Salva maneuver is employed when the radiologist would like to demonstrate what disease processes? | Hiatal Hernia and Esophageal vereces |
| What is the degree of obliquity for radiography of the stomach? | 40-70 degrees |
| What is the best position to demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in the average patient? | RAO |
| What position best demonstrates the duodenal bulb filled with air? | LPO |
| What body type requires a large degree of obliquity? | hypersthenic |
| What body type requires a small degree of obliquity? | asthenic |
| Where is the CR directed when radiographing the stomach AP? | between xiphoid and crest |
| Why is high KV necessary when radiographing the stomach? | to penetrate barium |
| Why is low amount of time used when radiographing the stomach? | to reduce movement caused by peristalsis |
| When centering for an AP stomach, the fundus will be filled with ____. | barium |
| When centering for a PA stomach, the fundus will be filled with ____. | air |
| When centering for a RAO of the stomach, the duodenal bulb will be filled with____. | barium |
| When centering for a LPO of the stomach, the duodenal bulb will be filled with ____. | air |
| What view of the stomach demonstrates the entire stomach and duodenal bulb and loop? | RAO |
| Why is the trendelenberg position used during an esophogram? | to demonstrate hiatal hernia and esophageal pereces |
| What is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the esophagus? | PA (RAO) |
| The patient prep for a morning stomach exam is? | NPO after midnight |
| Food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach exam? | 8 hours |
| THe expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called the? | cardiac antrum |
| What is the difference between an orifice and a sphincter? | orifice = small opening; sphincter= muscle surrounding orifice |
| _____ are the gastric folds of the stomach. | Rugae |
| Which projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation? | trendelenburg (AP) |
| Routinely used method for examining the stomach: | single contrast |
| THe muscles controlling the opening between the stomach and duodenum is the: | pyloric sphincter |
| For which body type is the stomach almost horizontal? | hypersthenic |
| For which body type is the stomach almost vertical? | asthenic |
| The _____ is the most superior part of the stomach. | fundus |
| What is pyloric stenosis? | Narrowing of the pyloric orifice |
| A life threatening condition when the esophagus ends in a blind pouch refers to: | esophageal atresia |
| What is it called when part of the stomach slips through the diaphragm into the thorax? | hiatal hernia |
| What is it called when a patient has difficulty swallowing? | dysphagia |
| What is the largest salivary gland? | parotid |
| What is peristalsis? | contractive waves |
| Dyspepsia is: | indigestion |
| The distal portion of the stomach is called the: | pylorus |
| Food enters the stomach thru the _____ and exits at the ____: | cardiac sphincter pyloric sphincter |
| The external layers of the digestive organs are composed of fibrous membranes called the: | serosa |
| The only major secretion of the esophagus is: | mucus |
| _____ connects the duodenum to the ileum. | jejunum |
| _____ connects the ascending colon to the descending colon | transverse colon |
| _____ connects the jejunum to the cecum | ileum |
| ____ connects the esophagus to the duodenum | stomach |
| ____ connects the pharynx to the stomach | esophagus |
| ____ connects the cystic and hepatic ducts to the duodenum | common bile duct |
| ____ connects the stomach to the jejunum | duodenum |
| ___ connects the rectum to the descending colon | sigmoid |
| The RPO colon demonstrates the ____ flexure. | left(splenic) |
| The LPO colon demonstrates the ___ flexure. | right (hepatic) |
| Where is the CR directed for a lateral film of the rectum? | MCP - ASIS |
| Technical factors for an air contrast colon are adjusted. What technical factor is changed? Adjustment? Why is the adjustment made? | kVp; decreased 15-20 degrees; easier to penetrate air |
| What drug is used prior to the start of an air contrast colon? Why? | glucogen - stops peristalsis |
| The chassard lapine' method is used to demonstrate what portion of the colon? | rectosigmoid, rectum and sigmoid |
| What is the required position, angle, direction of angle and central exit for a PA axial colon? | prone; 30-40 degrees, caudal; ASIS |
| The lateral view of the colon demonstrates what area of the colon? | sigmoid and rectum |
| What position is used for insertion of the enema tip? | Sims |
| The centering point for a PA colon is: | Iliac crest |
| What disease process does an air contrast colon demonstrate? | polyps |
| What filming adaptation is necessary on a hyperstenic patient? | 2-3 degrees higher |
| When radiographing a patient for an air contrast exam, if the pt is in the R lateral position, which side of the descending colon has barium? | medial |
| What bony landmarks are used to locate the gallbladder? | elbow and costal angle |
| Describe the location of the gallbladder in the sthenic, hyperstenic and asthenic patient: | sthenic: R side level of elbow; hyperstenic: R side high lateral; asthenic: R side low and close to spine |
| The dosage given to the patient or a gallbladder exam is determined by the patient _____. | weight |
| To demonstrate layering of gallstones, what positions can be used? | decubitus and upright |
| When the gallbladder is overlying the spine, what alternative view may be taken to demonstrate the gallbladder in its entirety? IN what type of body habitus does this occur? | LAO; asthenic |
| What color do calcium stones appear on xray? Cholesterol stones? | white; black |
| The liver is located in the ___ quadrant and has ___ lobes. | RUQ; 2 |
| What organ lies in the duodenal loop? | pancreas |
| Bile is needed in the digestion of ? | fats |
| Hydrochloric acid and enzymes are produced in the: | gastric mucosa |
| The colon has sacculations known as: | haustra |
| What is the name of the main bile duct that leads from the liver? | hepatic bile duct |
| The two main hepatic ducts join to form the: | common hepatic duct |
| The proximal pouch like poriton of the colon is called: | cecum |
| What is the name of the duct that transports bile from the gallbladder? | cystic duct |
| What is the name of the flexure that lies between the transverse and descending colon? | left/splenic |
| The common hepatic duct and cystic duct join together to form the: | common bile duct |
| The pancreas produces: | insulin, glugagon and pancreatic juices |
| What are two functions of the spleen? | stores/removes dead RBC's and produces lymphocytes |
| THe outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is: | parietal |
| The inner portion of the sac that lines the abdominal organs is: | visceral |
| What is the name of the junction between the small and large intestine? | ileocecal valve |
| What is hirschsprungs disease? | absence of parasympathetic ganglia resulting in absence of peristalsis |
| The formation of bile associate with what abdominal structure? | liver |
| Alpha cells within the pancreas are responsible for the secretion of: | glucagon |
| The failure of the pancreas to produce insulin: | diabetes |
| The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join as they enter a chamber known as the: | hepatopancreatic ampulla |
| THe folds of peritoneum that support the abdominal organs are call the: | omenta and mesentary |
| What is the cavity posterior to the peritoneum? | retoperitoneum |
| The hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by a circular muscle known as the _______. | sphincter of oddi |
| The colon is ___ feet and the alimentary canal is ___ feet. | 5; 30 |
| The ___ nerve is the most imporant nerve of the digestive tract. | vagus |
| The specific exam of the biliary duct is termed ______. | cholangiography |
| An ileus is a _____. | bowel obstruction |
| An obstruction of the bile ducts causes: | jaundice |
| The _____ connects the jejunum and ileum; The ____ connects the stomach to the other abdominal organs. | mesentary; omenta |
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