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HAZMAT Tech 1 - Defs
HazMat Tech 1 - Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acid | any substance whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour test, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals to form salts. ph less then 7 in its standard shape. |
| Caustic | Capable of burning,corroding, dissoliving, or eating away by chemical action. ph greater then 7 in its standard shape. |
| Air reactivity | Materials that can react or ignite if they are exposed to air. |
| Auto-refrigeration | A phenomenon that occurs during the rapid release(boiling) of a liquified gas that causes it to temporarily remain in a liquid stae through rapid cooling. |
| Biological agents | Producing disease through living microorganisms that can mutate and become toxins are more deadly |
| Biological toxins | Toxins can be small molecules,peptides, or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with an absorption by body tissue. (a) risk Affects human health in a variety of ways ranging from allergic reactions to death. |
| Blood agents | A chemical compound including the cyanide group, that affects bodily functions by preventing the normal utilization of oxygen by body tissues. |
| Boiling point | Temperature at which the transition from a liquid to a gas occurs. At this temperature, the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the the surrounding atmospheric pressure so that the liquid rapidly becomes a vapor. |
| Catalyst | A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected. |
| Chemical change | Changes that take place on the molecular level. A chemical change produces a new substance. |
| Chemical interactions | Caused when 2 or more chemicals, or the chemical and its container are incompatible. |
| Chemical mixture | Separate elements that bond together to form compound mixture, they have a tendency to break down into their component parts, sometimes in an explosive manner. |
| Concentration-When dealing with corrosives | The amount of acid or base is compared to the amount of water present. |
| Critical Temperature | The minimum temp at which a gas can be liquified no matter how much pressure is applied =. A gas cannot be liquified above its critical temp. |
| Critical pressure | The Pressure that must be applied to bring a gas to its liquid state. |
| Dissociation | The separation of a substance into 2 or more simpler substances, or of a molecule into atoms or ions, by the action of heat or a chemical process. Dissociation is usually reversible. |
| Corrosivity | A measure of a substance's tendency to deteriorate in the presence of another substance or in a particular enviroment. |
| Dose | The concentration or amount of material to which the body is exposed over a specific time period. |
| Dose response | The biological reaction caused by the dose in the body. The degree of harm is directly related to the dose(time and amount) and its impact on bodily functions. |
| Expansion ratio | The amount of gas produced by a given volume of liquid at a given temp. |
| Flash Point | The minimum temp at which a material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air and will nit continue to burn. |
| Fire Point | The temp at which enough vapors are given off to support continuous burning |
| Flammable(explosive) range | The difference between the upper and lower flammable limits. |
| Lower explosive limit(LEL) | The minimum concentration of vapor to air below which a flame will not propagate in the presence of an ignition source. Also known as to lean to burn. |
| Upper explosive limit (UEL) | the maximum vapor to air concentration above, which a flame will not propagate in the presence of a flame. Also known as to rich to burn. |
| Half-life | The period of time it takes for a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. |
| Halogenated Hydrocarbons | They are often more toxic than naturally occurring organic chemicals. They decomposed into smaller, more harmful elements when exposed to high temps for a long period of time. |
| Inhibitor | Added to products to control their chemical reaction with other products. If it is not added or escapes during an incident, the material will begin to polymerize, which creates a very dangerous situation. |
| Ignition(auto-ignition) temp | The temp at which a material(solid,liquid or gas) will self ignite and sustain combustion in air without a external spark or flame |
| Instability | Materials that decompose , polymerize, or otherwise self-react and are generally considered unstable. |
| Ionic and covalent compounds | Materials made through the sharing or transfer of electrons. |
| Irritants (riot agents) | they cause respiratory distress and copious tearing that incapacitate a victim, |
| Maximum Safe Storage Temp(MSST) | The max temp that an organic peroxide may be stored safely. |
| Melting point | The temp at which a solid becomes a liquid allowing it to spread more readily. |
| Freezing Point | The temp in which a liquid converts to a solid. |
| Miscibility | Refers to the tendency or ability of 2 or more liquids to form a uniform blend dissolve in each other. |
| Nerve agents | Substances that interfere with the central nervous syatem. |
| Organic | Pertaining to a class of chemical compounds that formerly comprised only those existing in or derived from plants or animals, but that now includes all other compounds of carbon. |
| Inorganic | Composed of matter that is not animal or vegetable: not having the organized structure of living things. Inorganic material lacks carbon chains. |
| Oxidation potential | The combining of anything with oxygen or the propensity to yield oxygen which will present a greater hazard. |
| Persistence | Refers to a chemical ability to remain in the environment. The more persistent, the greater the propensity for it to remain harmful over a period of time. |
| ph | The numerical measure of a solution's hydrogen ion as related to acidity or alkalinity. |
| Physical change | The process when objects undergo a change that does not change their chemical properties. |
| Physical state(solid,Liquid,gas) | The characteristic form of a material at ambient temps. |
| Polymerization | Any process in which relatively small molecules,called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer. |
| Radioactivity | Spontaneous emission of ionizing radiation as a consequence of a nuclear reaction, or directly from the breakdown of an unstable nucleus. |
| Alpha | Positively charged particle emitted by some radioactive materials and is not considered dangerous unless ingested. |
| Beta | Can Damage skin tissue, and they can damage internal organs if they enter the body. Full protective clothing including positive pressure SCBA will protect. |
| Gamma | Causes skin burns and can severely injure internal organs; therefore protective clothing is inadequate in preventing this radiation from harming the body. The most dangerous type! |
| Reactivity | A substance's propensity to release energy or undergo change, for example self-reaction polymerization, or violent reaction. |
| Water reactivity | Describes the sensitivity of a material to water without the addition of heat or confinement. |
| Riot control agents | (sometimes referred to as tear gas) are chemical compounds that temporarily make people unable to function by causing irritation to the eyes,mouth,throat,lungs,and skin. |
| Saturated hydrocarbons | hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. They are also called alkanes or paraffin hydrocarbons. (Methane,Butane) |
| Unsaturated hydrocarbons | Materials that have at least one multiple bond between 2 carbon atoms somewhere in the molecule, which causes them to be more hazardous |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons | materials that contain the benzene ring which is formed ny 6 carbon atoms and contains double bonds. Its greatest hazard is toxicity. 6 sided ring. |
| Self-accelerating decomposition temp | when this temp is reached by some portion of the mass of the organic peroxide, irreverisble decomposition will begin.(a) this reaction can be violent, usually rupturing the vessel ot container. |
| Solubility | The ability of a substance to form a solution with water can be important when determining control measures. For example gas is insoluble, while anhydrous ammonia is soluble. |
| Solution | Mixture in which all of the ingredients are completely dissolved. |
| Slurry | Pourable mixture of solid and a liquid. |
| Specific gravity | The weight of a solid or liquid compared to an equal volume of water. |
| Strength | The concentration of of a solution. In corrosives, strength refers to the degree of ionization of an acid or base in water. |
| Sublimation | The ability of a substance to change from a solid to the vapor phase without passing through the liquid phase. |
| Temp of product | Influences the hazards present and the measures taken to control an incident that involves that product. |
| Toxic products of combustion | Byproducts of the combustion process that are harmful to humans. Some materials generate more highly toxic gases than others do: therefore, appropriate levels of protective clothing and equipment must be used to counter them. |
| Vapor density | Weight of vapor compared to air. |
| Vapor pressure | The force exerted by the gas or vapor released by a liquid or solid substance in a closed container or space. |
| Vesicants(blister agents) | These agents are extremely toxic, with the symptoms of exposure not appearing for minutes,hours or days. |
| Viscosity | Measure of the thickness of a liquid, determines how easily it flows. During an incident this will affect the flow away from a leaking container, expanding the endangerment area. |
| Volatility | Ease with which a liquid or solid can pass into the vapor state. During an incident this will affect the dispersment in air and expand the endangered area. |
| Counts per minuter (CPM) and kilocounts per minute (kcpm) | Measurements of radioactivity. It is the number of atoms ina given quantity of radioactivity material that are detected to have decayed in 1 minute. |
| Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) value | This is the maximum level to which a healthy worker can be exposed for 30 minutes and escape without suffering irreversible health effects or impairment. |
| Incubation period | The latency between exposure to a pathogen and onset of symptoms. |
| Infectious dose | The amount of a pathogen necessary to manifest it's pathogenicity . It is dependent on pathogenic variables such as health, gender, predisposition, and several others. |
| Lethal concentration(LC 50) | The amount of material in air that is expected to kill 50 percent. Inhalation. |
| Lethal dose(LD 50) | Causes the death of 50 percent by any route other then inhalation. |
| Parts per million(PPM) | it denotes the number units of one substance relative to one million units. |
| Parts per billion(PPB) | The number of units of one substance relative to one billion units of another substance. |
| Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) | (OSHA) limits on the amount or concentration of a airborn substance. The time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8 hour workday and a 40 hour work week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day without adverse effect. |
| Radiation absorbed dose (RAD) | Equals the energy absorption of 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material(an erg is a work unit). Obsolete equal to 1 centigray, 1 rad is equal to 10 milligray and 100 rads are equal to 1 Gv. |
| Roentgen equivalent Man(REM); Millirem(mrem) | An international unit of the of the intensity of xrays and gamma rays. 1 rad |
| Threshold limit value ceiling (TLV-C) | This is the maximum concentration to which a healthy adult can be exposed without risk of injury and the exposure to higher concentrations should not occur. |
| Threshold limit value short-term exposure limit(TLV-STEL) | This the maximum average concentration, averaged over a 15 minute period, to which healthy adult can safely exposed for up to 15 minutes continuously. Exposure should not occur more then 4 times a day with at least 1 hour between exposures. |
| Threshold limit value time weighted average(TLV-TWA) | The maximum concentration averaged over 8 hours, to which a healthy adult can be repeatedly exposed for 8 hours per day, 40 hours per week. |
Created by:
woodyb42
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