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Patho 2 Final pulmon
pulmonary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The 6th leading cause of death in the USA | Pneumonia |
| Most lethal infection | Pneumonia |
| Acute infection of the lower reps tract caused by bacteria and viruses (also fungi, protozoa, parasites) leading to consolidation of involved lung | pneumonia |
| pneumonia effecting a lobe | lobar pneumonia |
| pneumonia effecting a more diffuse aea | bronchopneumoni |
| what usually causes community acquired pneumonia | pneumococcus |
| why usually causes nosocomial pneumonia | P. aeruginosa |
| what are the normal defensive mechanisms for getting rid of microorg in the lungs | cough, mucociliary clearance, phagocytosis. |
| Once a microorg that is not expelled reaches the lungs, it initiates ________response with an ______ which causes alveolar_____ | inflammatory response exudate edema |
| Infiltration with _______ and ________ usually lead to resolution of the inflammation process in PNA | neutrophils and phagocytocis |
| ________ PNA is usually mild but can set the stage for secondary bacterial infection | viral |
| clinical manifestations of PNA | fever, chills, cough, asthenia, anorexia, pleural pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis, leukocytosis, neutrophilia. CXR-infiltrates involving single lobe or diffuse area |
| Frequently PNA is preceded by an _______ | URTI |
| pathogen of PNA is identified via | sputum characteristics, staining and cultures |
| to avoid contamination the sputum is collected via _______ ______ | transtracheal aspiration or bronchoscopy or lung biopsy |
| treatment of bacterial PNA is ________ treatment of viral PNA is _________ Proper __________ is important and may need mech vent and O2 | Abx supportive therapy hydration |
| highly contagious infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis | TB |
| An acid-fast bacillus which usually affects the lungs but may invade other body systems and organs. | mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| worldwide it is the leading cause of death from a curable infectious disease! | TB |
| this disease is transmitted from person to person in airborne droplets, lodges in the lungs, multiplies and causes non-specific pneumonitis | TB |
| which lobe does TB usually first effect? | upper |
| TB can migrate through the _____________ and lodge in the _______ __________ triggering the immune response with ___________ and _________ | lymphatics lymph nodes inflammation phagocytosis |
| in TB exposure inflammation and phagocytosis isolate the bacilli, preventing their spread and sealing off their colonies creating a _______ ___________ with caseation necrosis inside | granulomatose lesion (tubercle) |
| what type of scar tissue grows around the tubercle to isolate the microorg with no further multiplication | collagenous scar tissue |
| TB may remain dormant for life, but if the ______ ________ is impaired active decease occurs and may spread to other organs | immune system |
| example of impaired immune systems | aids, poor nutritional state, long-term steroi therapy, chronic debilitating disease |
| Live _______ can escape in the bronchi and cause TB to become active | bacilli |
| many infected individuals are ________ and others develop s/s so gradually that they notice them when the disease is __________ | asymptomatic advanced |
| common manifestations of TB (9) | fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, low grade fever (usually in afternoons), cough c purulent sputum, dyspnea, CP, hemoptysis |
| how is TB diagnosed? | Positive TB skin test, sputum cultcher and CXR |
| the positive skin test proves that the individual has been ________ to the _________ and developed antibodies against it. | exposed bacillus |
| what type of stain can TB be seen with under the microscope? | acid-fast stain |
| what will the CXR show in TB | nodules, calcifications, cavities and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. |
| if a pt has no exposure, no TB and no infection--what type of TB grade are they? | 0 |
| if a pt has EXPOSURE TO TB, NO INFECTION what type of TB grade are they | 1 |
| if a pt has TB infection and no disease what grade are they | 2 |
| if a pt has TB and clinically active disease, what grade are they? | 3 |
| if a pt has TB and not clinically active disease, what grade are they | 4 |
| if TB is suspected what grade are they? | 5 |
| what is Cor Pulmonale | pulmonary heart disease-cardiac disorder 2/2 pulmonary pathologic condition |
| Acute Cor pulmonale results from | PE where emboli usually originated from thrombi in the leg--occlude plum artery supply |
| clinical s/s of acute Cor pulmonale | profound shock, hypotension, tachypnea, tachy, severe pulm HTN, CP, fever, leukocytosis and hempotysis-----IMMINENT DEATH |
| chronic clinical s/s of Cor pulmonale | RV dilation, hypertrophy 2/2 long-term pulmonary HTN caused by disorders of the lung (bronchitis or emphysema) or thoracic wall |
| does plum HTN have increased or decreased pulmonary resistsance | increased |
| does pulmonary HTN increase or decrease RV afterload | increase |
| does plum HTN increases or decrease RV workload, and what dose this lead to | increases RV workload leading to dilation and hypertrophy of the myocardial wall until if fails |
| clinical manifestations of pulmonary HTN | CP, peripheral eema, hepatic congestion, altered tricuspid and pumonic valve sounds, hepatomegaly, jugular distention |
| what is diagnosis of plum HTN based on? | physical and radiological exams, keg, echo |
| what is treatment of pulmonary HTN aimed towards | decreasing RV workload and reversal of the underlying lung disease |
Created by:
melrunt
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