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Patho 2 test 2
Respiratory diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| also called eupenia. rhythmic and effortless. rate 8-16 breaths/min. tidal volume 400-800mL. | normal breathing |
| subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing, the feeling of not being able to get enough air | dyspnea |
| is characterized by slightly increased rate, very large tidal volume, and expiratory pause. | hyperpnea (kussmaul respiration) |
| occurs when the airways are occluded (copd) and is characterized by slow rate, large tidal volume, increase effort and prolong expiration and inspiration | obstructive breathing |
| results from any condition that slows down the blood flow to the brain stem and is characterized by apnea lasting 15-60 secs. followed by ventilations increasing in vol. till a peak is reached, the Vt decrease again to apnea | cheyne-stokes respiration |
| explosive expiration | cough |
| coughing up of blood or bloody secretions | hemoptysis |
| bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membrane | cyanosis |
| selective bulbous enlargement of the distal segment of a digit. PAINLESS and usually associated with low oxygenation | clubbing |
| preventable and treatable disease, characterized by airfflow limitation not fully reversible, progressive and assiciated with an abnormal inflammatory response to noxious particles or gases | COPD |
| fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. and overall mortality has increased 103% | COPD |
| syndrome resulting from the combination of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. characterized by difficult expiration with more force required to expire a given amt. of air or slowed emptying of the lungs or both | COPD |
| hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that continues for at lease 3 months of the year for at least 2 consecutive years | chronic bronchitis |
| incidence is ^ in smokers (20 fold) and even more so in workers exposed to air pollution. repeated infections are common | chronic bronchitis |
| T or F. In chronic bronchits the airways collapse early in expiration, trapping gas in the distal portion of the lung >>> ventilation perfusion mismatch, hypoventilation and hypoxemia | True |
| clinical symptoms: dyspnea, decrease exercise tolerace, wheezing, productive cough and evidence of airway obstruction, decrease FEV1 and FVC, increased FRC and RV as airway obstruction becomes more pronounced | chronic bronchitis |
| As ___ progresses there is marked hypoxemia>> polycythemia and cyanosis>>> pulm. hypertension>> cor pulmonale. | chronic bronchitis |
| The best treatment for chronic bronchitis is | Prevention |
| In chronic bronchitis, bronchodilators and ___ are used to increase airways caliber, improve secreation removal and maximize gas exchange | expectorants |
| in chronic bronchits, infections are treated aggressively and low flow O2 is adm. to maintain peripheral PO2 between ___. | 50-60mmHg |
| permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls (decrease area for gas exchange) without fibrosis>> changes in LUNG tissue instead of inflammation and mucous production | Pulmonary emphysema |
| T or F. In chronic bronchitis, pathological changes are irreversible but elimination of injuring factors stops the progression of the disease | true |
| _______ may be primary or secondary to chronic bronchitis and cigarette smoking | pulmonary emphysema |
| symptoms include dyspnea at rest, no cough with very little sputum production with tachypnea and prolonged expiration | Pulmonary emphysema |
| 6th leading cause of death in the USA and the most lethal infection | pneumonia |
| It's an acute infection of the lower respiratory tract typically caused by bacteria and viruses (also by fungi, protozoa or parasites) | Pneumonia |
| Pneumonia: what is consolidation of a lobe called | lobar pneumonia |
| Pneumonia: what is consolidation of a more diffuse area. | bronchopneumonia |
| in regards to Pneumonia: The___ agent influences the clinical ion, how it should be treated and the prognosis. | causitive |
| community acquired pneumonia is usually caused by the ____ pneumococcus while the nosocomial frequently results from ____ | pneumococcus, P. aeruginosa |
| clinical manifestation of pneumonia: | fever, chills, cough, asthenia, anorexia, pleural pain, and sometimes dyspnea and hemoptysis. |
| T or F. With pneumonia there is leukopenia with neutropenia | False. Leukocytosis and neutrophilia |
| sometimes it is necessary to obtain the sputum by transtracheal aspiration to avoid what? | contamination with the normal flora. |
| In pneumonia the pathogen is identified by means of sputum ___, staining, and cultures. | characteristics, staining, and cultures |
| Treatment of bacterial pneumonia consists on administration of what? | Antibiotics |
| Some severe cases of pneumonia will need______ and _____. | mechanical ventilation and O2 administration. |
| Highly contagious infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacillus which usually affects the lungs but may invade other body systems and organs | Tuberculosis |
| The leading cause of death from a curable infectious disease worldwide | Tuberculosis |
| Tuberculosis is transmitted from person to person in airborne droplets and once the microorganism lodge in the lungs (usually upper lobe), it starts to multiply causing a non-specific _____. | pneumonitis |
| In Tuberculosis, the microorganism can migrate through the lymphatics and lodge in the lymph nodes triggering a(n)____ response with inflammation and phagocytosis | immune |
| In tuberculosis, inflammation and phagocytosis___ the bacilli, preventing their spread and sealing off their____ | isolate, colonies |
| common manifestatons include fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, low-grade fever (typically occurring in the afternoon) | Tuberculosis |
| How is TB diagnosed | positive skin, sputum culture, and CXR |
| A positive skin test for TB proves that the individual has been exposed to the bacillus and developed____ against it | Antibodies |
| Tuberculosis grade 1 = | No TB, no exposure, no infection |
| Tuberculosis grade 2 = | Infection, no disease |
| Tuberculosis grade 3 = | Clinically active disease |
| Tuberculosis grade 4 = | Not clinically active disease |
| Tuberculosis grade 5 = | TB suspected |
| Cardiac disorder secondary to a pulmonary pathologic condition | Cor Pulmonale |
| Cor Pulmonale is separated into: | Acute and Chronic |
| Acute Cor Pulmonale can be caused by? | Pulmonary Embolism |
| In pulm. Embolism , emboli usually originate from thrombi in the legs occlude pulm. art. branches thus obstructing the blood supply to the ______. | Pulmonary parenchyma |
| Sx: profound shock, hypotension, tachypnea, tachycardia, severe pulm. hypertension, chest pain, fever, leukocytosis and hemoptysis, announcing of imminent death | Pulm. Embolism |
| Chronic Cor Pulmonale consist on ___ dilation and or _____ secondary to long term _____ caused by disorders of the lung (chronic bronchitis and pulm emphysema) or the thoracic wall. | RV, hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension |
| T or F. pulm hypertension>>> in pulm resistance>>> increase RV afterload>>>dilation and hypertrophy of the myocardial wall until it fails. | True |
| Sx usually consists on chest pain, peripheral edema, hepatic congestion, altered tricuspid and pulmonic valves sounds, hepatomegaly and jugular distention. | Chronic Cor Pulmonale |
| Treatment of chronic Cor Pulmonale is aimed to decrease ________ (the same for pulm. hypertension which success depends on reversal of _____ | right ventricle workload, underlying lung disease. |
| Lung cancer is also termed bronchiogenic carcinoma because it originates from | epithelial tissue of the respiratory tract |
| the number 1 cancer killer in the world | lung cancer |
| Primary lung cancer (bronchiogenic carcinoma) is divided into two types: | Small cell carcinoma and non-small cell carcinoma |
| This primary lung ca. is centrally located, near the hilus, and project into bronchi | squamus cell carcinoma |
| This primary lung ca. is smaller than 4cm. arise in the peripheral regions of pulm parenchyma | adenocarcinoma |
| This primary lung ca. arise peripherally but can also be central. can distort the trachea and the carina | large cell undifferentiated carcinoma |
| Non small cell carcinoma is divided into: | squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma |
| Small cell lung carcinoma originates from the ____. it arises from the ___part of the lung, and metastasize early and widely | neuroendocrine cell: central |
| Staging for NSCLC is based on the TNM classification system. T=_____, N=_____, M=_______. | T: extend of primary tumor N: Nodal involvement M: extent of metastasis |
| Staging for small cell carcinomas is: | limited disease and extensive disease. |
| Small cell lung carcinoma arises from______ cells; they cause secretion of ___ hormones, and _____ syndrome (Siadh, acth, calcitonin) | neuroendocrine, ectopic, paraneoplastic |
| T of F. most symptoms for Lung cancers are insidious and ambiguous including coughing, chest pain, sputum production, hemoptysis, pneumonia, airway obstruction and pleural effusion. | True |
| Diagnosis of Lung cancer relies on __ of the patient and his/her risk factors, careful physical exam. | history |
| Diagnostic test for Lung cancer: sputum cytology, simple chest xray, cat scan, pet scan, bronchoscopy, bronchography, biopsy, potential mets. disease | |
| all diagnostic test for lung cancer are to | Establish the presence of a primary lung tumor, determine its cell type, stage tumor. |
| which type of Lung cancer is more responsive to chemotherapy | Small cell lung cancer (SCLC). 90% respond to chemotherapy, but almost all relapse in two years |
| Treatment of lung cancer depends on accurate determination of the type of _____ and the ____ of the tumor. Chemo and radiation therapy are commonly used. | cancer cell, stage |
| New approaches to the treatment of lung cancer include: | antiangiogenic therapy, targeting growth factor receptors, tumor sensitizing agents, gene therapy, immunotherapy. |
| frequently Pneumonias are preceded by an _____. | URTI |
| Common manifestation of of TB include: | fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, low grade fever (typically occurs in the afternoon. |
| What type of cough is present in TB | a cough producing purulent sputum develops slowly becoming more and more frequent |
| As TB progresses what symptoms are present: | dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis |
Created by:
Bvaleris
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